Mide Çıkış Tıkanıklığı ve Tedavisi

Yazarlar

Ercan Korkut

Özet

Mide çıkış tıkanıklığı (MÇT), mide boşalmasının pilor veya proksimal duodenum düzeyinde mekanik olarak engellenmesiyle oluşan bir tablodur. Geçmişte proton pompa inhibitörlerinin eksikliği ve Helicobacter pylori enfeksiyonları nedeniyle en sık benign peptik ülserlere bağlı olarak gelişirken, günümüzde malign hastalıklar (özellikle mide ve pankreas kanserleri) vakaların %50-80'ini oluşturarak ana neden haline gelmiştir. Hastalar sıklıkla bulantı, kusma, erken doyma ve kilo kaybı şikayetleriyle başvurur; kronik süreçte elektrolit dengesizlikleri ve yetersiz beslenme belirgindir. Tanıda fizik muayene, kontrastlı bilgisayarlı tomografi ve kesin ayırıcı tanı için endoskopik biyopsi kritik rol oynar. Tedavi yaklaşımı etiyolojiye göre değişmektedir. Benign tıkanıklıklarda nazogastrik dekompresyon, medikal tedaviler ve ilk seçenek olarak endoskopik balon dilatasyonu (EBD) uygulanırken, cerrahi dirençli vakalara saklanır. Malign ve cerrahiye uygun olmayan olgularda ise yaşam kalitesini artırmak amacıyla daha az invaziv, maliyet etkin ve hızlı iyileşme sağlayan kendiliğinden genişleyebilen duodenal metal stent (KGMS) yerleştirilmesi palyatif tedavide ilk seçenek olarak kabul görmektedir. Endoskopik tedaviye yanıt vermeyen veya uygun olmayan hastalarda ise laparoskopik cerrahi bypass yöntemleri tercih edilmektedir.

Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) occurs when gastric emptying is mechanically impeded at the level of the pylorus or proximal duodenum. Although peptic ulcer disease was historically the leading cause, the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors and H. pylori eradication have dramatically reduced its incidence; consequently, malignant conditions—predominantly gastric and pancreatic cancers—now account for 50-80% of all cases. Patients typically present with nausea, vomiting, early satiety, and significant weight loss, often leading to hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and severe malnutrition. Diagnosis relies on clinical history, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and upper endoscopy with biopsy for definitive differential diagnosis. Management requires hospitalization, fluid resuscitation, and nasogastric decompression. For benign etiology, endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) combined with medical therapy is the preferred first-line intervention, leaving surgery for refractory cases. In inoperable malignant obstructions, the placement of self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) is favored over surgical gastrojejunostomy, as it offers a less invasive, cost-effective alternative with shorter hospital stays and faster symptom relief. Surgical interventions, increasingly performed laparoscopically, are reserved for patients who fail or are unsuitable for endoscopic treatments.

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5 Nisan 2022

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