Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Jinekolojik Kanserlerde Durum ve Epidemiyoloji
Özet
Jinekolojik kanserler, dünya genelinde kadınlarda %29.9 insidans ve %13.8 mortalite hızıyla önemli bir hastalık yükü oluştururken, Türkiye’de en sık görülen tür korpus uteri, en ölümcül olanı ise over kanseridir. Küresel düzeyde serviks kanseri en yüksek insidans ve mortaliteye sahipken, Türkiye'de on ikinci sırada yer almaktadır. Jinekolojik kanserler; serviks, over, korpus uteri, vajina ve vulva gibi üreme organlarında başlar; obezite, tütün kullanımı, hareketsiz yaşam ve yüksek riskli HPV enfeksiyonları gibi önlenebilir yaşam tarzı faktörleriyle yakından ilişkilidir. İnsani Gelişme Endeksi (İGE) yüksek ülkelerde yaygın taramalar, HPV aşılama programları ve erken teşhis olanakları sayesinde ölüm oranları düşerken, düşük İGE'li bölgelerde ileri evre teşhis ve tedavi yetersizliği nedeniyle vaka ve ölüm sayıları artmaktadır. DSÖ, 2030 yılına kadar serviks kanserini ortadan kaldırmak için aşılama, tarama ve tedavi odaklı "90-70-90" hedeflerini belirlemiştir. İngiltere, Brezilya ve Çin gibi ülkelerde sağ kalım oranları ve görülme sıklığı bölgesel farklılıklar sunmakta, yaş ilerledikçe risk artmaktadır. Türkiye’de ise 2013'ten beri aktif kayıtçılık yapılmakta olup, korpus uteri en iyi prognoza (%85 sağ kalım) sahiptir. Epidemiyolojik veriler, jinekolojik kanser yükünü azaltmada, halk sağlığı politikalarının geliştirilmesinde, tarama ve önleme stratejilerinin sürdürülebilir kılınmasında kritik bir öneme sahiptir.
Gynecological cancers pose a significant disease burden among women globally with an incidence rate of 29.9% and a mortality rate of 13.8%, whereas corpus uteri cancer has the highest incidence and ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate in Turkey. Globally, cervical cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rates, while it ranks twelfth in Turkey. Gynecological cancers, which originate in reproductive organs such as the cervix, ovary, corpus uteri, vagina, and vulva, are closely associated with preventable lifestyle factors including obesity, tobacco use, physical inactivity, and high-risk HPV infections. While mortality rates have decreased in high Human Development Index (HDI) countries due to widespread screenings, HPV vaccination programs, and early diagnosis, cases and deaths continue to rise in low HDI regions due to late-stage diagnosis and lack of treatment. The WHO has established the "90-70-90" targets focused on vaccination, screening, and treatment to eliminate cervical cancer by 2030. Survival and incidence rates vary across countries like the UK, Brazil, and China, with risk increasing with age. In Turkey, active cancer registry has been conducted since 2013, and corpus uteri cancer has the best prognosis with an 85% survival rate. Ultimately, epidemiological data is critical for reducing the burden of gynecological cancers, developing public health policies, and ensuring sustainable screening and prevention strategies.
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