Servikal Pleksopatiler

Yazarlar

Cansu Köseoğlu Toksoy
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-9203

Özet

Servikal pleksus, C1-C4 spinal sinirlerin ön dallarından oluşan ve boyun kasları ile diyaframı innerve eden en küçük nöral pleksustur. Bu yapının en önemli dalı, C3-C5 liflerinden köken alan ve diyafram fonksiyonlarını kontrol eden frenik sinirdir. Nadir görülen servikal pleksopatiler; boyun cerrahisi ve penetran yaralanmalar gibi açık nedenlerin yanı sıra tümör invazyonu, meme kanseri radyoterapisi, yanlış pozisyonlama ve travma gibi kapalı lezyonlar sonucu gelişebilir. Lezyonlar genellikle asemptomatik seyredebilmekle birlikte derin boyun, boğaz ve omuz ağrılarına yol açabilir. En ciddi motor komplikasyon ise frenik sinir hasarına bağlı gelişen diyafram felcidir; bu durum efor dispnesi, ortopne, uyku bozuklukları ve mekanik ventilasyondan ayrılamama gibi semptomlarla kendini gösterir. Tanıda elektrodiagnostik testlerin değeri sınırlıyken, anatomik detay için MRG tercih edilir; diyafram hareketlerini değerlendirmede ve frenik sinir hasarını yatak başında incelemede ise ultrason non-invaziv bir yöntem olarak öne çıkar. Ayırıcı tanıda iatrojenik travmalar, ALS, radikülopatiler, nöropatiler, enfeksiyonlar ve miyopatiler dikkate alınmalıdır.

The cervical plexus is the smallest neural plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the C1-C4 spinal nerves, and it innervates the neck muscles and the diaphragm. Its most crucial branch is the phrenic nerve, originating from C3-C5 fibers, which regulates diaphragmatic functions. Cervical plexopathies, though rare, can arise from open causes like neck surgeries and penetrating injuries, or closed lesions including tumor invasion, radiation therapy for breast carcinoma, improper positioning, and trauma. While lesions can be asymptomatic, they may cause deep neck, throat, and shoulder pain. The most severe motor complication is diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve damage, manifesting through symptoms such as exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, sleep disturbances, and difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation. For diagnosis, electrodiagnostic tests have limited value, whereas MRI provides the best anatomical detail; ultrasound stands out as a non-invasive, bedside method to assess diaphragmatic movement and phrenic nerve injury. Differential diagnosis should consider iatrogenic trauma, ALS, radiculopathies, neuropathies, infections, and myopathies.

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Yayınlanan

7 Mart 2022

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