Karın Ön Duvarı Fıtıklarında Görüntüleme Yöntemleri

Yazarlar

Ali Aksu
Nizamettin Kutluer
Bahadır Öndeş

Özet

Fıtık (hernia), karın içi organların karın duvarındaki zayıf bir alandan peritonla sarılı bir kese halinde dışarı çıkmasıdır. Erkeklerde kadınlara oranla 7-10 kat daha fazla görülen bu rahatsızlık, en sık kasık ve göbek bölgelerinde ortaya çıkar. Fıtıklar, anatomik yapılarına ve içeriklerine göre Richter, Littre, Maydl ve Amyand gibi özel isimlerle adlandırılır. Etiyolojisinde genetik, ileri yaş, obezite, gebelik ve intraabdominal basıncı artıran kronik öksürük veya ağır kaldırma gibi multifaktöriyel nedenler rol oynar. Klinik olarak fıtık bölgesinde şişlik ve ağrı ile karakterize olan bu hastalıkta, pelvik fıtıklar gibi bazı türlerde Howship–Romberg veya Hannington–Kiff gibi özel belirtiler ile intestinal obstrüksiyon bulguları görülebilir. Tanı genellikle anamnez ve fizik muayene ile konulurken, pelvik fıtıklar sıklıkla ameliyat sırasında teşhis edilir. Görüntülemede çocuklarda ve erişkinlerde ilk seçenek dinamik değerlendirme sunan ultrasonografidir. Akut fazdaki fıtıklar, kasık dışı defektler ve diyafram hernilerinde bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) en ideal yöntemken; kas-iskelet kaynaklı ayırıcı tanılarda, kronik durumlarda ve yumuşak doku hasarlarında manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) tercih edilir. Ayrıca palpabl olmayan fıtıklarda floroskopik herniografiden de yararlanılmaktadır.

A hernia is the protrusion of intra-abdominal organs through a congenital or acquired weak area in the abdominal wall, enclosed in a peritoneal sac. Occurring 7 to 10 times more frequently in men than in women, hernias are most commonly observed in the inguinal and umbilical regions. Depending on their anatomical structures and contents, hernias are designated with specific names such as Richter, Littre, Maydl, and Amyand hernias. The etiology is multifactorial, involving genetic factors, advanced age, obesity, pregnancy, and conditions that elevate intra-abdominal pressure, including chronic coughing or heavy lifting. Clinically characterized by swelling and pain in the affected area, certain types like pelvic hernias may present with specific findings such as the Howship–Romberg or Hannington–Kiff signs, alongside symptoms of intestinal obstruction. While diagnosis is predominantly established through medical history and physical examination, pelvic hernias are frequently identified intraoperatively. Regarding imaging modalities, ultrasonography is the preferred initial choice for both pediatric and adult cases due to its capacity for dynamic evaluation. Computed tomography (CT) serves as the ideal method for hernias in the acute phase, non-inguinal defects, and diaphragmatic hernias, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is utilized for musculoskeletal differential diagnoses, chronic conditions, and evaluating soft tissue injuries, with fluoroscopic herniography additionally employed for non-palpable hernias.

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30 Mart 2022

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