Yüksek Dayanıklı Güncel Polimer Altyapı Materyalleri
Özet
Bu çalışma, diş hekimliğinde protetik ve restoratif uygulamalarda kullanılan güncel yüksek dayanıklı polimer altyapı materyallerini, özellikle PAEK (PEEK, PEKK), PMMA ve çeşitli termoplastik ile hipoalerjenik rezinleri incelemektedir. Metal altyapısız restorasyonlara ve dijital teknolojilere (CAD-CAM) yönelik artan talep, biyomateryal olarak bu yüksek performanslı polimerlerin gelişimini hızlandırmıştır. Poliaril eter keton (PAEK) ailesinin üyeleri olan PEEK ve PEKK, kemik dokusuna benzer elastik modülleri, yüksek kırılma dirençleri ve boyutsal stabiliteleri sayesinde sabit ve hareketli protezlerde umut verici alternatifler sunmaktadır. Ancak bu materyallerin estetik sınırlılıklarını ve mekanik özelliklerini optimize etmek amacıyla karbon, cam fiber veya seramik gibi dolgu maddeleriyle güçlendirilmiş kompozit formları geliştirilmiştir. Geleneksel ve popüler bir seçenek olan PMMA ise düşük darbe dayanımı ve kırılganlık gibi dezavantajlarını aşmak için alümina, zirkonya, gümüş gibi metal-oksitler ve çeşitli fiberlerle takviye edilmektedir. Ayrıca monomer alerjisi olan veya estetik beklentisi yüksek hastalar için poliamid, asetal, polikarbonat gibi termoplastik rezinler ile düşük artık monomer içeriğine sahip hipoalerjenik rezinler klinik kullanımda başarıyla yer almaktadır. Sonuç olarak, dolgu ve fiber takviyeleriyle güçlendirilen polimerler diş hekimliğinde geleceğe ışık tutmaktadır.
This study reviews current high-strength polymer framework materials used in prosthetic and restorative dentistry, focusing on PAEK (PEEK, PEKK), PMMA, and various thermoplastic and hypoallergenic resins. The increasing demand for metal-free restorations and digital technologies (CAD-CAM) has accelerated the development of these high-performance polymers as biomaterials. PEEK and PEKK, members of the polyaryl ether ketone (PAEK) family, offer promising alternatives for fixed and removable prostheses due to their bone-like elastic modulus, high fracture resistance, and dimensional stability. However, to optimize their mechanical properties and overcome aesthetic limitations, composite forms reinforced with fillers such as carbon, glass fibers, or ceramics have been developed. PMMA, a traditional and popular choice, is reinforced with metal-oxides like alumina, zirconia, silver, and various fibers to overcome disadvantages such as low impact strength and brittleness. Additionally, thermoplastic resins like polyamide, acetal, and polycarbonate, alongside hypoallergenic resins with low residual monomer content, are successfully utilized in clinical practice for patients with monomer allergies or high aesthetic demands. In conclusion, polymers strengthened with various fillers and fibers shed light on the future of dental materials.
Referanslar
Meng TR, Latta MA. Physical properties of four acrylic denture base resins. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2005;6(4):93-100.
Stawarczyk B, Eichberger M, Uhrenbacher J, Wimmer T, Edelhoff D, Schmidlin PR. Three-unit reinforced polyetheretherketone composite FDPs: influence of fabrication method on load-bearing capacity and failure types. Dental materials journal. 2015;34(1):7-12.
Jain AR, Nallaswamy D, Ariga P, Ganapathy D. Determination of correlation of width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A systematic review. World J Dent. 2018;9(1):68-75.
Dimitriou R, Tsiridis E, Giannoudis PV. Current concepts of molecular aspects of bone healing. Injury. 2005;36(12):1392-404.
Kurtz SM, Devine JN. PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants. Biomaterials. 2007;28(32):4845-69.
Zhou L, Qian Y, Zhu Y, Liu H, Gan K, Guo J. The effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength of PEEK composite materials. Dental materials. 2014;30(8):e209-e15.
Schwitalla AD, Bötel F, Zimmermann T, Sütel M, Müller W-D. The impact of argon/oxygen low-pressure plasma on shear bond strength between a veneering composite and different PEEK materials. Dental Materials. 2017;33(9):990-4.
Klur T, Hasan I, Ottersbach K, Stark H, Fichte M, Dirk C, et al. PEKK-made indirect temporary crowns and bridges: a clinical pilot study. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2019;23(2):771-7.
Stawarczyk B, Silla M, Roos M, Eichberger M, Lümkemann N. Bonding behaviour of polyetherketoneketone to methylmethacrylate-and dimethacrylate-based polymers. J Adhes Dent. 2017;19(4):331-8.
Hallmann L, Mehl A, Sereno N, Hämmerle CH. The improvement of adhesive properties of PEEK through different pre-treatments. Applied Surface Science. 2012;258(18):7213-8.
Schmidlin PR, Stawarczyk B, Wieland M, Attin T, Hämmerle CH, Fischer J. Effect of different surface pre-treatments and luting materials on shear bond strength to PEEK. Dental materials. 2010;26(6):553-9.
Montero JF, Tajiri HA, Barra GM, Fredel MC, Benfatti CA, Magini RS, et al. Biofilm behavior on sulfonated poly (ether-ether-ketone)(sPEEK). Materials Science and Engineering: C. 2017;70:456-60.
Mishra S, Chowdhary R. PEEK materials as an alternative to titanium in dental implants: A systematic review. Clinical implant dentistry and related research. 2019;21(1):208-22.
Park PJ, Lehman RA. Optimizing the spinal interbody implant: current advances in material modification and surface treatment technologies. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2020;13(6):688-95.
Gan K, Liu H, Jiang L, Liu X, Song X, Niu D, et al. Bioactivity and antibacterial effect of nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation on polyetheretherketone. Dental Materials. 2016;32(11):e263-e74.
Knaus J, Schaffarczyk D, Cölfen H. On the future design of bio‐inspired polyetheretherketone dental implants. Macromolecular Bioscience. 2020;20(1):1900239.
Wang W, Luo C, Huang J, Edirisinghe M. PEEK surface modification by fast ambient-temperature sulfonation for bone implant applications. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2019;16(152):20180955.
Pai SA, Kumari S, Umamaheswari B, Jyothi M, Lakshmi CS. Polyetheretherketone in prosthodontics–A review. Journal of Advanced Clinical and Research Insights. 2019;6(1):24-6.
Goutam M, Giriyapura C, Mishra SK, Gupta S. Titanium allergy: a literature review. Indian journal of dermatology. 2014;59(6):630.
Lee WT, Koak JY, Lim YJ, Kim SK, Kwon HB, Kim MJ. Stress shielding and fatigue limits of poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone dental implants. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2012;100(4):1044-52.
Najeeb S, Zafar MS, Khurshid Z, Siddiqui F. Applications of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in oral implantology and prosthodontics. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2016;60(1):12-9.
Papathanasiou I, Kamposiora P, Papavasiliou G, Ferrari M. The use of PEEK in digital prosthodontics: A narrative review. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):1-11.
Agrawal PK, Ashish T. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its application in prosthodontics: A review. International Dental Journal of Student's Research. 2021;9(2):49-61.
Henriques B, Fabris D, Mesquita-Guimarães J, Sousa AC, Hammes N, Souza JC, et al. Influence of laser structuring of PEEK, PEEK-GF30 and PEEK-CF30 surfaces on the shear bond strength to a resin cement. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 2018;84:225-34.
Papathanasiou I, Kamposiora P, Papavasiliou G, Ferrari M. The use of PEEK in digital prosthodontics: A narrative review. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20(1):217.
Stawarczyk B, Beuer F, Wimmer T, Jahn D, Sener B, Roos M, et al. Polyetheretherketone—a suitable material for fixed dental prostheses? Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2013;101(7):1209-16.
Fuhrmann G, Steiner M, Freitag-Wolf S, Kern M. Resin bonding to three types of polyaryletherketones (PAEKs)—durability and influence of surface conditioning. Dental Materials. 2014;30(3):357-63.
Han K-H, Lee J-Y, Shin SW, Han K-H, Lee J-Y, Shin SW. Implant-and Tooth-Supported Fixed Prostheses Using a High-Performance Polymer (Pekkton) Framework. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2016;29(5):451-4.
Behr M, Zeman F, Passauer T, Koller M, Hahnel S, Buargers R. et al. Clinical performance of cast clasp-retained removable partial dentures: a retrospective study. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2012;25(2):138-44.
Donovan TE, Cho GC. Esthetic considerations with removable partial dentures. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2003;31(7):551-7.
Alqurashi H, Khurshid Z, Syed AUY, Habib SR, Rokaya D, Zafar MS. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK): An emerging biomaterial for oral implants and dental prostheses. Journal of Advanced Research. 2021;28:87-95.
Schwitalla A, Müller W-D. PEEK dental implants: a review of the literature. Journal of Oral Implantology. 2013;39(6):743-9.
Amelya A, Kim J, Woo C, Otgonbold J, Lee K, Kim J, et al. Load-Bearing Capacity of Posterior CAD/CAM Implant-Supported Fixed Partial Dentures Fabricated with Different Esthetic Materials. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 2019;32(2):201-4.
Passia N, Ghazal M, Kern M. Long-term retention behaviour of resin matrix attachment systems for overdentures. Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials. 2016;57:88-94.
Gan D, Cao W, Song C, Wang Z. Mechanical properties and morphologies of poly (ether ketone ketone)/glass fibers/mica ternary composites. Materials Letters. 2001;51(2):120-4.
Suresh A, Harsha A, Ghosh M. Solid particle erosion of unidirectional fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Wear. 2009;267(9-10):1516-24.
Hassan EA, Ge D, Yang L, Zhou J, Liu M, Yu M, et al. Highly boosting the interlaminar shear strength of CF/PEEK composites via introduction of PEKK onto activated CF. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2018;112:155-60.
Iwata Y. Assessment of clasp design and flexural properties of acrylic denture base materials for use in non-metal clasp dentures. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2016;60(2):114-22.
Akinci A, Sen S, Sen U. Friction and wear behavior of zirconium oxide reinforced PMMA composites. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2014;56:42-7.
Lin F, Yang C, Zeng Q, Xiang Y. Morphological and mechanical properties of graphene-reinforced PMMA nanocomposites using a multiscale analysis. Computational Materials Science. 2018;150:107-20.
Schreiber C. Polymethylmethacrylate reinforced with carbon fibres. British Dental Journal. 1971;130(1):29-30.
Berrong JM, Weed RM, Young JM. Fracture resistance of Kevlar-reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate) resin: a preliminary study. International Journal of Prosthodontics. 1990;3(4):391-5.
Dixon DL, Breeding LC. The transverse strengths of three denture base resins reinforced with polyethylene fibers. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;67(3):417-9.
Kanie T, Fujii K, Arikawa H, Inoue K. Flexural properties and impact strength of denture base polymer reinforced with woven glass fibers. Dental Materials. 2000;16(2):150-8.
Johnston EP, Nicholls JI, Smith DE. Flexure fatigue of 10 commonly used denture base resins. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1981;46(5):478-83.
Yadav P, Mittal R, Sood VK, Garg R. Effect of incorporation of silane‐treated silver and aluminum microparticles on strength and thermal conductivity of PMMA. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry. 2012;21(7):546-51.
Chen SY, Liang WM, Yen PS. Reinforcement of acrylic denture base resin by incorporation of various fibers. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2001;58(2):203-8.
Tacir I, Kama J, Zortuk M, Eskimez S. Flexural properties of glass fibre reinforced acrylic resin polymers. Australian dental journal. 2006;51(1):52-6.
Goguta L, Marsavina L, Bratu D, Topala F. Impact strength of acrylic heat curing denture base resin reinforced with E-glass fibers. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. 2006;56(1):88-91.
Vojdani M, Khaledi A. Transverse strength of reinforced denture base resin with metal wire and E-glass fibers. ournal of Dentistry. 2006;3(4):167-72.
Hari Prasad A, Kalavathy M, Mohammed H. Effect of glass fiber and silane treated glass fiber reinforcement on impact strength of maxillary complete denture. Annals and Essences of Dentistry. 2011;4:7-12.
Unalan F, Dikbas I, Gurbuz O. Transverse Strength of Poly-Methylmethacrylate Reinforced with Different Forms and Concentrations of E-Glass Fibres. OHDMBSC. 2010;9(3):144-7.
Robison NE, Tantbirojn D, Versluis A, Cagna DR. Failure strengths of denture teeth fabricated on injection molded or compression molded denture base resins. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2016;116(2):292-9.
Vallittu P. The effect of void space and polymerization time on transverse strength of acrylic‐glass fibre composite. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 1995;22(4):257-61.
Gulay U, Nur H, Toeman T. Effect of five woven fiber reinforcement on the impact and transverse strength of denture base resins. J Prosthet Dent. 1999;81:616-20.
Yilmaz H, Aydin C, Çaglar A, Ya, scedil A. The effect of glass fiber reinforcement on the residual monomer content of two denture base resins. Quintessence International. 2003;34(2):148-53.
Basha FYS, Ganapathy D, Venugopalan S. Oral hygiene status among pregnant women. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11(7):3099-102.
Ajay R, Suma K, Ali SA, Sivakumar JSK, Rakshagan V, Devaki V, et al. Effect of surface modifications on the retention of cement-retained implant crowns under fatigue loads: An In vitro study. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2017;9(1):154.
El Naggar SM, El Nasr MIS, Sakr HM, Eissa SM, Elboraey AN, Moussa AR. Effect of Denture Base Reinforcement Using Light Cured E-Glass Fibers on the Level of Salivary Immunoglobulin A. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018;6(11):2168-72.
Pattanaik B, Pattanaik S. Characterization of a denture base using autopolymerized pour-type denture base resin and acrylic stain. Journal of prosthodontic research. 2013;57(2):145-6.
Cheng Y-y. Denture base resin reinforced with highly drawn linear polyethylene fibres: dimensional changes and dentureconstruction technique. HKU Theses Online (HKUTO). 1994.
Chen SY, Liang WM, Yen PS. Reinforcement of acrylic denture base resin by incorporation of various fibers. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: . 2001;58(2):203-8.
Nandal S, Ghalaut P, Shekhawat H, Gulati MS. New era in denture base resins: a review. Dental Journal of Advance Studies. 2013;1(03):136-43.
Jagger D, Harrison A, Jandt K. The reinforcement of dentures. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 1999;26(3):185-94.
Bowman A, Manley T. The elimination of breakages in upper dentures by reinforcement with carbon fibre. British Dental Journal. 1984;156(3):87-9.
Mamatha N, Madineni PK, Sisir R, Sravani S, Nallamilli S, Jyothy JR. Evaluation of transverse strength of heat cure denture bases repaired with different joint surface contours: an in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2020;21:166-70.
Nagai E, Otani K, Satoh Y, Suzuki S. Repair of denture base resin using woven metal and glass fiber: effect of methylene chloride pretreatment. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2001;85(5):496-500.
Köroğlu A, Özdemir T, Usanmaz A. Comparative study of the mechanical properties of fiber‐reinforced denture base resin. Journal of applied polymer science. 2009;113(2):716-20.
Alla RK, Sajjan S, Alluri VR, Ginjupalli K, Upadhya N. Influence of fiber reinforcement on the properties of denture base resins. 2013;4:91-7.
Polat TN, Karacaer Ö, Tezvergil A, Lassila LV, Vallittu PK. Water sorption, solubility and dimensional changes of denture base polymers reinforced with short glass fibers. Journal of biomaterials applications. 2003;17(4):321-35.
Vallittu P, Lassila V. Reinforcement of acrylic resin denture base material with metal or fibre strengtheners. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 1992;19(3):225-30.
Vallittu P, Lassila V. Effect of metal strengthener's surface roughness on fracture resistance of acrylic denture base material. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 1992;19(4):385-91.
Sipahi C, Ozen J, Ugur Ural A, Dalkiz M, Beydemir B. The effect of two fibre impregnation methods on the cytotoxicity of a glass and carbon fibre‐reinforced acrylic resin denture base material on oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2006;33(9):666-73.
Vallittu P. Comparison of two different silane compounds used for improving adhesion between fibres and acrylic denture base material. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 1993;20(5):533-9.
Ahmad N, Jafri Z, Khan ZH. Evaluation of nanomaterials to prevent oral Candidiasis in PMMA based denture wearing patients. A systematic analysis. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research. 2020;10(2):189-93.
Jagger D, Harrison A, Jagger R, Milward P. The effect of the addition of poly(methyl methacrylate) fibres on some properties of high strength heat-cured acrylic resin denture base material. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(3):231-5.
Ganapathy D, Kannan A, Venugopalan S. Effect of coated surfaces influencing screw loosening in implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Dentistry. 2017;8(6):496-502.
Rawls H, Starr J, Kasten F, Murray M, Smid J, Cabasso I. Radiopaque acrylic resins containing miscible heavy-metal compounds. Dental Materials. 1990;6(4):250-5.
Lowe LG. Flexible denture flanges for patients exhibiting undercut tuberosities and reduced width of the buccal vestibule: a clinical report. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2004;92(2):128-31.
Phoenix RD, Mansueto MA, Ackerman NA, Jones RE. Evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties of commonly used denture base resins. Journal of Prosthodontics. 2004;13(1):17-27.
Uzun G, Hersek N, Tincer T. Effect of five woven fiber reinforcements on the impact and transverse strength of a denture base resin. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1999;81(5):616-20.
Tandon R, Gupta S, Agarwal SK. Denture base materials: From past to future. Indian J Dent Sci. 2010;2(2):33-9.
Keenan PL, Radford DR, Clark RK. Dimensional change in complete dentures fabricated by injection molding and microwave processing. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2003;89(1):37-44.
Negrutiu M. Thermoplastic resins for flexible framework removable partial dentures. Timisoara Med J. 2005;55:295-9.
Campanha NH, Pavarina AC, Giampaolo ET, Machado AL, Carlos IZ, Vergani CE. Cytotoxicity of hard chairside reline resins: effect of microwave irradiation and water bath postpolymerization treatments. International journal of prosthodontics. 2006;19(2):195-201.
Lassila L, Vallittu P. Denture base polymer Alldent Sinomer®: mechanical properties, water sorption and release of residual compounds. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2001;28(7):607-13.
Jorge JH, Giampaolo ET, Machado AL, Vergani CE. Cytotoxicity of denture base acrylic resins: a literature review. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 2003;90(2):190-3.
