Servikal Kanser Primer ve Sekonder Yönetimi

Yazarlar

Adil Barut

Özet

Servikal taramanın temel amacı, prekanseröz lezyonları erken tespit ederek serviks kanserini önlemektir. Kadınlarda en sık görülen ikinci kanser olan rahim ağzı kanserinin neredeyse tüm vakalarına yüksek riskli HPV tipleri (özellikle HPV 16 ve 18) neden olmaktadır. Hastalıktan korunmada aşılama (primer koruma) ve rutin tarama testleri (sekonder koruma) birlikte uygulanmalıdır. Piyasada ikili, dörtlü ve dokuzlu olmak üzere üç çeşit profilaktik HPV aşısı bulunmaktadır. Aşılama programı 15 yaşından küçükler için 2 doz, 15-45 yaş arası yetişkinler ile immün sistemi baskılanmış hastalar için ise 3 doz olarak önerilmektedir. Sekonder korumada ise Pap testi, co-test (Pap+HPV) ve primer HPV testi olmak üzere üç seçenek yer almaktadır. ACOG, ASCCP ve USPSTF gibi kuruluşlar yaş gruplarına göre tarama algoritmaları sunmaktadır. ASCCP, 25 yaşından itibaren primer HPV testi veya co-testin 5 yılda bir, Pap testinin ise 3 yılda bir yapılmasını önermektedir. Test sonuçları normal olan ve son 25 yılda CIN2+ öyküsü bulunmayan 65 yaş üstü kadınlarda ve servikal neoplazi öyküsü olmayan total histerektomili bireylerde tarama sonlandırılabilir. Herhangi bir anormal sonuçta ise erken teşhis için yakın takip ve kolposkopi kritik öneme sahiptir.

The primary objective of cervical screening is to prevent cervical carcinoma by detecting precancerous lesions early, with high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV 16 and 18, being responsible for nearly all cases of cervical cancer, which remains the second most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Prevention strategies rely on a combination of primary protection through vaccination and secondary protection through routine screening. Three types of prophylactic vaccines—bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent—are clinically approved, requiring a 2-dose regimen for individuals under 15 and a 3-dose regimen for those aged 15 to 45 as well as immunocompromised patients. For secondary prevention, screening options include the Pap test, co-testing, and primary HPV testing, with major organizations like ACOG, ASCCP, and USPSTF defining specific guidelines. Current ASCCP guidelines recommend initiating screening at age 25, utilizing primary HPV or co-testing every 5 years, or Pap smears every 3 years. Screening can be discontinued at age 65 for individuals with adequate negative prior results and no history of CIN2 or higher within the past 25 years, or immediately following a total hysterectomy in patients without a history of cervical neoplasia, though any abnormal findings require prompt follow-up or colposcopy.

Referanslar

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28 Mart 2022

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