Pankreatikobiliyer Yaralanmalar

Yazarlar

Melih Can Gül
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6165-1144
Mehlika Bilgi Kırmacı

Özet

Pankreatikobiliyer yaralanmalar, genellikle diğer organ hasarlarının da eşlik ettiği, yüksek morbidite ve mortalite riski taşıyan karmaşık klinik tablolardır. Pankreas travmaları çoğunlukla penetran mekanizmalarla oluşurken, künt travmalar organın vertebra arasında sıkışması sonucu genellikle gövde kısmını etkiler. Tanı aşamasında serum amilaz düzeyleri ve ultrason yetersiz kalabilir; bu nedenle retroperitoneal bölgeyi değerlendirmede spiralli bilgisayarlı tomografi (BT) en etkin yöntemdir. Tedavi yaklaşımını belirleyen ana unsur ana pankreatik kanalın hasar durumudur. Duktal hasar olmayan Evre I ve II yaralanmalarda konservatif takip, barsak istirahati ve nütrisyonel destek yeterliyken; kanal bütünlüğünün bozulduğu durumlarda ERCP ile stentleme veya cerrahi müdahale gerekir. Safra yolu yaralanmaları ise genellikle kolesistektomi gibi cerrahi girişimler sırasında iyatrojenik olarak meydana gelir. Akut dönemde safra kaçağı ve peritonit, geç dönemde ise darlık ile prezente olan bu yaralanmalarda hastanın hemodinamik stabilitesi kritiktir. Stabil olmayan hastalarda eksternal drenaj ve hasar kontrol cerrahisi ön plandayken, stabil olgularda tam kat ayrılmalarda Roux-en-Y bilioenterik anastomoz altın standart tedavi olarak uygulanır.

Pancreaticobiliary injuries are complex clinical conditions that generally coexist with other organ damages and carry high morbidity and mortality risks. While pancreatic traumas mostly occur through penetran mechanisms, blunt traumas affect the body of the organ due to compression between vertebrae. Serum amylase levels and ultrasound may be insufficient during the diagnosis phase; therefore, spiral computerized tomography (CT) is the most effective method for evaluating the retroperitoneal region. The main factor determining the treatment approach is the injury status of the main pancreatic duct. While conservative follow-up, bowel rest, and nutritional support are sufficient for Grade I and II injuries without ductal damage, ERCP stenting or surgical intervention is required in cases where ductal integrity is disrupted. On the other hand, bile duct injuries usually occur iatrogenically during surgical procedures such as cholecystectomy. In these injuries, which present with bile leakage and peritonitis in the acute phase and stricture in the late phase, the hemodynamic stability of the patient is critical. While external drainage and damage control surgery are prioritized in unstable patients, Roux-en-Y bilioenteric anastomosis is performed as the gold standard treatment for full-thickness lacerations in stable cases.

Referanslar

Balasegaram M. Surgical management of pancreatic trauma. Curr Probl Surg 1979;16:1-59.

Sharpe JP, Magnotti LJ, Weinberg JA, Zarzaur BL, Stickley SM, Scott SE, et al. Impact of a defined management algorithm on outcome after traumatic pancreatic injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72:100-5.

Graham J, Mattox K, Jordan GL Jr. Traumatic injuries of the pancreas. Am J Surg 1978;136:744-48.

Moore EE, Cogbill TH, Malangoni MA, Jurkovich GJ, Champion HR, Gennarelli TA, et al. Organ injury scaling, II: pancreas, duodenum, small bowel, colon, and rectum. J Trauma. 1990;30:1427-9.

Mutignani M, Dokas S, Tringali A, Forti E, Pugliese F, Cintolo M, et al. Pancreatic leaks and fistulae: an endoscopy-oriented classification. Dig Dis Sci 2017;62:2648-57

Jeroukhimov I, Zoarets I, Wiser I, Shapira Z, Abramovich D, Nesterenko V, et al. Diagnostic Use of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatectography for Pancreatic Duct Injury in Trauma Patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2015;17:401-4.

Venkatesh SK1, Wan JM. CT of blunt pancreatic trauma: a pictorial essay. Eur J Radiol. 2008; 67311-20.

Smego Dr, Richardson JD, Flint LM. Determinants of outcome in pancreatic trauma. J Trauma 1985;25:771-76.7.

Asensio JA, Petrone P, Roldan G, Pak-art R, Salim A. Pancreatic and duodenal injuries. Complex and lethal. Scand J Surg. 2002;91:81.

Biffl WL, Moore EE, Croce M, Davis JW, Coimbra R, Karmy-Jones R, et al. Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: management of pancreatic injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;75:941-6.

Misawa T, Saito R, Shiba H, Son K, Futagawa Y, Nojiri T, Kitajima K,Uwagawa T, Ishida Y, Ishii Y, Yanaga K. Analysis of bile duct injuries(Stewart-Way classification) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;13:427-34.

Strasberg SM, Pucci MJ, Brunt LM, Deziel DJ. Subtotal Cholecystectomy-”Fenestrating” vs “Reconstituting” Subtypes and the Prevention of Bile Duct Injury: Definition of the Optimal Procedure in Difficult Operative Conditions.Am Coll Surg. 2016;222:89-96

Kapoor VK. Bile duct injury repair: when? What?, who?. J hepatobiliaryPancreatSurg 2007;14:276-9.

Gelecek

28 Nisan 2022

Lisans

Lisans