Pankreasın Endokrin Hastalıkları
Özet
Endokrin pankreas neoplazmları, insülinoma, gastrinoma, somatostatinoma, VIPoma, glukagonoma ve fonksiyonel olmayan tümörler olarak sınıflandırılan nadir görülen kitlelerdir. Pankreasın en yaygın fonksiyonel nöroendokrin tümörü olan insülinomalar, endojen hiperinsülinizme bağlı hipoglisemi ve Whipple üçlüsü kriterleriyle karakterize olup genellikle benigndir. Gastrinomalar, aşırı gastrin salgılanması sonucu Zollinger-Ellison sendromuna yol açan ve çoğunlukla malign seyreden tümörlerdir. Somatostatinomalar diabetes mellitus, diyare ve safra taşlarından oluşan bir klinik üçlüyle kendini gösterirken; VIPomalar Verner-Morrison sendromuna bağlı ağır sulu ishal ve elektrolit dengesizliklerine neden olur. Alfa hücrelerinden kaynaklanan glukagonomalar ise nekrolitik migratuar eritem, hafif hiperglisemi ve kilo kaybı ile ayırt edilir. Bu nadir tümörlerin tanısında biyokimyasal hormon analizlerinin yanı sıra BT, MRG, EUS ve somatostatin reseptör sintigrafisi gibi gelişmiş noninvaziv ve invaziv görüntüleme yöntemleri kritik rol oynar. Tüm lokalize endokrin pankreas tümörlerinde tek küratif tedavi seçeneği cerrahi rezeksiyondur. Ameliyat edilemeyen veya metastatik vakalarda ise semptomları kontrol altına almak, hormon salgılanmasını ve tümör büyümesini baskılamak amacıyla oktreotid gibi somatostatin analogları, hedefe yönelik tedaviler ve sitotoksik kemoterapi gibi medikal yönetim stratejileri uygulanmaktadır.
Endocrine pancreatic neoplasms are rare tumors categorized into insulinoma, gastrinoma, somatostatinoma, VIPoma, glucagonoma, and non-functional islet cell tumors. Insulinomas, the most prevalent functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, are mostly benign and present with hypoglycemia caused by endogenous hyperinsulinism, diagnosed via the Whipple triad. Gastrinomas hypersecrete gastrin, leading to severe peptic ulcer disease and diarrhea known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and exhibit a high malignancy rate. Somatostatinomas present with a distinct triad of diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, and cholelithiasis, whereas VIPomas cause Verner-Morrison syndrome characterized by profound secretory watery diarrhea and life-threatening hypokalemia. Glucagonomas, originating from alpha cells, are identified by necrolytic migratory erythema, mild hyperglycemia, and significant weight loss. Establishing a precise diagnosis relies on specialized biochemical hormone assays along with advanced imaging modalities, including CT, MRI, EUS, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy. Surgical resection represents the only definitive curative treatment strategy for localized pancreatic endocrine tumors. For unresectable, advanced, or metastatic disease, medical management options such as somatostatin analogs like octreotide, molecular targeted therapies, and cytotoxic chemotherapy are utilized to control hormone hypersecretion, alleviate clinical symptoms, and stabilize tumor progression.
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