Obstrüktif Uyku Apne Sendromu Epidemiyolojisi
Özet
Obstrüktif uyku apne sendromu (OSAS), uyku esnasında üst havayollarının tekrarlayıcı kısmi veya tam kollapsıyla karakterize, gündüz aşırı uykululuğu ve bilişsel fonksiyonlarda bozulmaya yol açan bir uyku bozukluğudur. Standart tanısı tüm gece polisomnografisi ile konulan bu hastalık, tedavi edilmediğinde hipertansiyon, kardiyovasküler rahatsızlıklar ve tip 2 diyabet gibi ciddi metabolik süreçlerle ilişkilendirilir. Global olarak 30-69 yaş arası yaklaşık 1 milyar kişiyi etkilediği tahmin edilen OSA, ağır sosyal ve ekonomik yük oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye'deki erişkin popülasyonda OSA risk prevalansı yüzde 9.6 olarak saptanmıştır. Hastalığın gelişimindeki en kritik risk faktörleri obezite, erkek cinsiyeti ve ileri yaştır. Wisconsin Uyku Kohort Çalışması verilerine göre, 4 yıllık süreçte yüzde 10'luk kilo artışı, hastalık gelişim riskini altı kat artırırken; kilonun yüzde 10 azalması ise solunum olaylarında yüzde 26'lık bir düşüş sağlamaktadır. Kadınlarda menopoz sonrası dönemde risk artarken, genel popülasyonda erkek-kadın oranı 2:1 olarak izlenmektedir.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent sleep disorder characterized by repetitive partial or complete collapse of the upper airways during sleep, leading to daytime sleepiness and impaired cognitive functions. Diagnosed standardly via overnight polysomnography, untreated OSAS is strongly associated with hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes. Globally, it is estimated to affect nearly 1 billion individuals aged 30-69, imposing a substantial socioeconomic burden. In Turkey, the prevalence of OSA risk among the adult population is reported as 9.6%. The primary risk factors for disease development and progression are obesity, male gender, and advanced age. According to the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, a 10% weight gain over four years increases the risk of developing moderate-to-severe sleep apnea sixfold, whereas a 10% weight loss is associated with a 26% reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index. While the general male-to-female ratio is 2:1, the risk in women increases significantly post-menopause.
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