Normal Tiroid Dokusu ve Tiroid Patolojisine Giriş
Özet
Tiroid bezinin anatomik, embriyolojik ve histolojik özelliklerini başlıca tiroid hastalıkları ve patolojik bulguları eşliğinde ele alan bu metinde, yetişkin tiroid bezinin normal yapısı, folikül epiteli, kolloid içeriği ve kalsitonin üreten C hücreleri açıklanmaktadır. Nonneoplastik hastalıklar kapsamında otoimmün kökenli Graves hastalığı ile Hashimoto, subakut (De Quervain), Riedel, postpartum, palpasyon ve sessiz tiroiditlerin klinik belirtileri, patogenezleri ve mikroskobik ayırıcı tanıları detaylandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca basit, endemik ve sporadik guatr türleri, nodüler guatr gelişimi, patogenezi ve ilaçlara bağlı gelişen tiroid disfonksiyonları incelenmektedir. Neoplastik süreçler başlığı altında ise iyi huylu foliküler adenomlar ve hyalinize trabeküler tümörlerin yanı sıra malign tiroid tümörleri 2017 Dünya Sağlık Örgütü sınıflamasına göre sınıflandırılmaktadır. En sık görülen papiller karsinomun nükleer özellikleri ve varyantları, iyot eksikliğiyle ilişkili foliküler karsinom, oldukça agresif seyreden anaplastik karsinom ve parafoliküler C hücrelerinden gelişen medüller karsinomun moleküler patolojisi, tanı kriterleri, immünhistokimyasal belirteçleri ve ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi bulguları kapsamlı bir biçimde aktarılmaktadır.
The text details the anatomical, embryological, and histological features of the thyroid gland alongside major thyroid diseases and their pathological findings, describing the structure of the adult thyroid, its follicle epithelium, colloid content, and calcitonin-producing C cells. Within non-neoplastic conditions, the clinical presentations, pathogenesis, and microscopic differential diagnoses of autoimmune Graves' disease and various thyroiditides—including Hashimoto, subacute (De Quervain), Riedel, postpartum, palpation, and silent thyroiditis—are thoroughly explained. Additionally, simple, endemic, and sporadic goitres, the development and pathogenesis of nodular goitre, and drug-induced thyroid dysfunctions are examined. Regarding neoplastic workflows, benign follicular adenomas and hyalinizing trabecular tumors, as well as malignant thyroid tumors, are classified based on the 2017 World Health Organization guidelines. The distinct nuclear properties and variants of prevalent papillary carcinoma, iodine deficiency-related follicular carcinoma, highly aggressive anaplastic carcinoma, and medullary carcinoma derived from parafollicular C cells are comprehensively evaluated along with their molecular pathology, diagnostic criteria, immunohistochemical markers, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy features.
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