Trikilemmom
Özet
Trikilemmom, kıl folikülünün bulbusundaki dış kök kılıfı hücrelerine diferansiyasyon gösteren, yaygın karşılaşılan iyi huylu bir benign epitelyal lezyondur. Klinik olarak sıklıkla yetişkinlerde, yüzün merkezi bölgelerinde (sentrofasiyal) yerleşim gösteren, 1 cm'ye kadar ulaşabilen soliter siğil benzeri veya kubbe şeklinde papüller olarak ortaya çıkar. Genellikle epidermis ile ilişkili, düzgün sınırlı ekzo-endofitik bir büyüme paterni ve hiperkeratoz sergiler. Histopatolojik olarak en tipik özelliği; berrak sitoplazmalı, soluk görünümlü monomorfik hücreler ile lobüllerin periferindeki kolumnar ve palizatlanmış dizilimdir. Tümör, çevresindeki stromadan kalın, camsı ve PAS pozitif bir bazal membran ile ayrılır. Lezyonun konvansiyonel tipinin yanı sıra desmoplastik varyant, duktal farklılaşma gösteren varyant ve atipik bazaloid hücre proliferasyonu eşlik eden üç ayrı histopatolojik alt tipi tanımlanmıştır. İmmunhistokimyasal incelemelerde CK5/6, CK14 ve p16 ekspresyonunun yanı sıra, trikilemmal kökeni doğrulamada özellikle dış kök kılıfı epitelinde pozitiflik veren CD34 güvenilir bir belirteçtir. Ayırıcı tanısı, başta trikilemmal diferansiyasyon gösteren bazal hücreli karsinom olmak üzere hidroakantoma simpleks, poroma ve verruka vulgaris ile yapılmalıdır. Soliter lezyonların genetik bir ilişkisi yokken, multipl trikilemmomlar PTEN hamartomatöz tümör sendromu spektrumundaki Cowden sendromunun karakteristik bir özelliğidir.
Trichilemmoma is a common, benign follicular epithelial tumor that differentiates toward the outer root sheath cells of the hair follicle bulb. Clinically, it occurs predominantly in adults on the head and neck area, particularly in the centrofacial region, presenting as a solitary verrucous lesion up to 1 cm in diameter or as a smooth, dome-shaped papule. Histopathologically, it exhibits a well-circumscribed, exo-endophytic epithelial proliferation typically associated with the epidermis and hair follicles. The most characteristic diagnostic feature is the presence of pale, clear-cytoplasmic monomorphic cells resembling the outer root sheath, with peripheral palisading of columnar cells. The tumor is separated from the surrounding stroma by a thick, glassy, PAS-positive basement membrane. Three distinct histological variants have been described: desmoplastic, ductal differentiation, and those associated with atypical basaloid cell proliferations. In immunohistochemistry, trichilemmomas show diffuse staining with CK5/6, CK14, and p16, while CD34 serves as a highly reliable marker to confirm trichilemmal differentiation and rule out desmoplastic mimics. The main differential diagnosis includes basal cell carcinoma with trichilemmal differentiation, hydroacanthoma simplex, poroma, and verruca vulgaris. While solitary trichilemmomas have no genetic linkage, multiple trichilemmomas represent a key diagnostic criterion for Cowden syndrome within the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome spectrum.
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