Spiradenomdan Kaynaklanan Malign Neoplazi/Malign Spiradenom
Özet
Malign spiradenom (ekrin spiradenokarsinom), derinin ekrin ter bezlerinden kaynaklanan ve tüm kutanöz malignitelerin %0.01'inden daha azını oluşturan son derece nadir ve son derece agresif bir adneksiyel tümördür. Genellikle ileri yaş popülasyonunda, medyan 57,4 yaşında görülen bu neoplazi, çoğunlukla de-novo gelişimden ziyade önceden var olan benign bir spiradenom lezyonunun malign dönüşümüyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Klinik olarak, uzun süredir stabil seyreden kutanöz bir tümörde ani boyut büyümesi, ağrı, hassasiyet, renk değişikliği ve ülserasyon gelişmesi en önemli uyarıcı semptomlar arasında yer alır. Histopatolojik incelemede, benign alanlardan malign alanlara ani veya kademeli geçiş izlenirken; dual hücre popülasyonunun ve intratümöral lenfositlerin kaybı, belirgin nükleer pleomorfizm, yüksek mitotik aktivite, atipik mitozlar ve tümör nekrozu maligniteyi doğrular. Tümör morfolojik olarak tükrük bezi tipi düşük dereceli bazal hücreli adenokarsinom benzeri yapı gösterebileceği gibi, yüksek dereceli invaziv adenokarsinom veya sarkomatöz diferansiyasyon içeren karsinosarkom formunda da gelişebilir. İmmünhistokimyasal olarak p53 aşırı ekspresyonu ve yüksek Ki67 proliferasyon indeksi tanıyı desteklerken; ayırıcı tanıda amelanotik melanom, bazal hücreli karsinom ve metastatik karsinomlar mutlaka dışlanmalıdır. Yerel nüks oranı %20,8, uzak metastaz oranı %37,4 ve mortalite oranı %19,1 gibi yüksek seviyelerde seyreden bu tümörün birincil tedavisi, en az bir santimetrelik temiz cerrahi sınırla geniş eksizyondur. Bölgesel lenf nodu tutulumu saptandığında diseksiyon yapılmalı, yüksek riskli olgularda radyoterapi, kemoterapi ve hormonal tedaviler düşünülerek hastalar yakın klinik ve radyolojik takibe alınmalıdır.
Malignant spiradenoma, also known as eccrine spiradenocarcinoma, is an exceptionally rare and highly aggressive adnexal malignancy arising from the eccrine sweat glands of the skin, representing less than 0.01% of all cutaneous malignant tumors. Predominantly affecting elderly individuals with a median age of 57.4 years, this neoplasm typically develops from the malignant transformation of a long-standing, preexisting benign spiradenoma rather than arising de novo. Clinically, an abrupt rapid enlargement, pain, tenderness, color alteration, and ulceration within a previously stable skin lesion serve as critical warning signs for malignant transformation. Histopathological examination reveals either a gradual or abrupt transition from benign to malignant components, characterized by the diagnostic loss of dual cell populations and intratumoral lymphocytes, severe nuclear pleomorphism, brisk atypical mitotic activity, and extensive tumor necrosis. Morphologically, it can present as a low-grade salivary gland-type basal cell adenocarcinoma-like tumor or progress into high-grade invasive adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, p53 overexpression and a markedly elevated Ki67 proliferative index facilitate the diagnosis, while differentiating it from amelanotic melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and metastatic tumors. Demonstrating an aggressive nature with a 20.8% recurrence rate, 37.4% metastasis rate, and 19.1% mortality rate, the gold standard treatment relies on wide local surgical excision achieving negative margins of at least one centimeter. Regional lymph node dissection is mandatory upon involvement, and given its high metastatic potential, patients require close long-term clinical and radiological monitoring along with considering adjuvant therapies.
Referanslar
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