Paraneoplastik Hiperkalsemi

Yazarlar

Esra Aydın

Özet

Maligniteye bağlı hiperkalsemi, kanser hastalarında %20-30 oranında görülen ve kötü prognozla ilişkilendirilen önemli bir paraneoplastik sendromdur. Hastanede yatan bireylerde en sık karşılaşılan hiperkalsemi nedeni olan bu klinik tablo; lenfoma, multiple myelom, meme, böbrek, prostat ve akciğer kanserlerinde yaygındır. Patofizyolojisinde başta tümörden salgılanan paratiroid hormon ilişkili protein (PTHrP) olmak üzere, osteolitik kemik metastazları, lokal sitokin salınımı ve tümör kaynaklı 1,25 dihidroksivitamin D üretimi rol oynar. Klinik semptomlar halsizlik, kabızlık, poliüri ve konfüzyondan komaya kadar uzanan geniş bir yelpazede değişirken, tanısal süreçte PTH, D vitamini, fosfor, ALP ve albumin düzeyleri incelenir. Tedavinin temel amacı serum kalsiyum seviyesini düşürmek ve altta yatan hastalığı kontrol altına almaktır. Bu doğrultuda, akut dönemde intravenöz izotonik (%0.9 NaCl) ile hidrasyon ve taşiflaksi riski nedeniyle 48 saatle sınırlı kalsitonin tedavisiyle hızlı bir düşüş sağlanır. Daha potent ve kalıcı bir etki için bifosfonatlar ilk tercihtir. Bifosfonatların kontrendike olduğu ağır renal yetersizlik durumlarında veya tedaviye dirençli olgularda ise denosumab ya da diyaliz gibi alternatif yöntemlere başvurulmaktadır.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a significant paraneoplastic syndrome observed in 20-30% of cancer patients and is closely associated with a poor prognosis. Serving as the most common cause of hypercalcemia among hospitalized individuals, it frequently occurs in patients with lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and breast, renal, prostate, and lung cancers. Its pathophysiology primarily involves parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) secreted by tumors, osteolytic bone metastases with local cytokine release, and tumor-driven production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Clinical manifestations span a wide spectrum including fatigue, constipation, polyuria, confusion, and potentially coma, while the diagnostic process requires evaluation of PTH, vitamin D, phosphorus, ALP, and albumin levels. The primary objective of management is decreasing serum calcium levels and treating the primary malignancy. In acute settings, rapid calcium reduction is achieved via intravenous isotonic saline hydration and calcitonin, the latter limited to 48 hours due to tachyphylaxis risks. For potent and sustained efficacy, bisphosphonates remain the first choice. In cases of severe renal impairment where bisphosphonates are contraindicated, or in refractory cases, alternative modalities such as denosumab or dialysis are successfully utilized.

Referanslar

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Sayfalar

171-174

Gelecek

14 Ekim 2022

Lisans

Lisans