Sezaryen Skar Defekti (İstmosel) Tedavisi
Özet
Sezaryen sonrası uterus ön duvarında myometriumun tam iyileşmemesiyle oluşan istmosel (sezaryen skar defekti), önceki sezaryen sayısı arttıkça sıklığı %100'e kadar ulaşabilen iyatrojenik bir hastalıktır. Sıklıkla asemptomatik kalmakla birlikte; anormal uterin kanama, postmenstrüel lekelenme, pelvik ağrı, dismenore ve embriyo implantasyonunu engelleyerek sekonder infertilite gibi jinekolojik semptomlara yol açabilir. Ayrıca gebelik sürecinde plasenta previa, akreta spektrumu, uterus rüptürü ve skar ektopik gebeliği gibi ciddi obstetrik komplikasyon risklerini barındırır. Tanısında transvajinal ultrasonografi, sonohisterografi, MRG ve histeroskopi gibi görüntüleme yöntemlerinden yararlanılır. Tedavi yaklaşımı tamamen hastanın semptomlarına, klinik öyküsüne ve fertilite beklentisine göre şekillenir; asemptomatik olgularda tedavi önerilmez. Semptomatik hastalarda ise semptomları baskılamaya yönelik medikal tedaviler ya da defekti gidermeyi amaçlayan cerrahi yöntemler tercih edilir. Cerrahi yönetimde rezidü myometrium kalınlığı kritik bir eşiktir; kalınlığın 3 mm'den fazla olduğu durumlarda minimal invaziv bir yaklaşım olan histeroskopik rezeksiyon öne çıkarken, 3 mm'nin altında olduğu büyük defektlerde ve fertilite istemi varlığında anatomik onarım sağlayan laparoskopik cerrahi tercih edilmelidir. Kombine histeroskopi ve laparoskopik yaklaşım ise mesane yaralanması riskini azaltarak ve ek pelvik patolojilerin eş zamanlı tanısına olanak tanıyarak en etkin tedavi seçeneği olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
Isthmocele (cesarean scar defect), which occurs as a result of incomplete healing of the myometrium in the anterior uterine wall after cesarean section, is an iatrogenic disease whose prevalence increases up to 100% as the number of previous cesarean deliveries increases. Although it frequently remains asymptomatic, it can lead to gynecological symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding, postmenstrual spotting, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and secondary infertility by preventing embryo implantation. Additionally, it carries severe obstetric complication risks during pregnancy, including placenta previa, accreta spectrum, uterine rupture, and scar ectopic pregnancy. Diagnostic imaging methods such as transvaginal ultrasonography, sonohysterography, MRI, and hysteroscopy are utilized for its detection. The treatment approach is completely shaped according to the patient's symptoms, clinical history, and fertility desires; no treatment is recommended for asymptomatic cases. In symptomatic patients, medical treatments aimed at suppressing symptoms or surgical methods aimed at eliminating the defect are preferred. Residual myometrial thickness is a critical threshold in surgical management; while hysteroscopic resection, a minimally invasive approach, comes to the fore when the thickness is greater than 3 mm, laparoscopic surgery providing anatomical repair should be preferred in large defects below 3 mm and in the presence of fertility desire. The combined hysteroscopy and laparoscopic approach is considered the most effective treatment option by reducing the risk of bladder injury and allowing simultaneous diagnosis of additional pelvic pathologies.
Referanslar
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