Jinekolojik Onkolojide Evreleme Cerrahisi

Yazarlar

Ayşe Bacaksız

Özet

Jinekolojik kanserlerde hastalığın yaygınlığını ve tedavisini belirlemek için evreleme şarttır ve klinik pratikte genellikle Uluslararası Jinekoloji ve Obstetrik Federasyonu (FIGO) sistemleri kullanılır. Gelişmiş ülkelerde en sık görülen endometriyum kanseri cerrahi olarak evrelendirilir; standart tedavisi total histerektomi, bilateral salpingo-oferektomi ve riskli hastalarda lenfadenektomiyi içerir. Nadir görülen ve kötü prognoza sahip olan uterin sarkomlardan leiomyosarkom, endometriyal stromal sarkom ve adenosarkomda standart yaklaşım genellikle histerektomi ve ooferektomi iken, karsinosarkomda daha kapsamlı bir cerrahi ve lenfadenektomi rutin olarak uygulanır. Jinekolojik maligniteler arasında sık görülen serviks kanseri, erken evrelerde modifiye veya radikal histerektomi ile pelvik lenf nodu diseksiyonu gibi cerrahi yöntemlerle tedavi edilirken, lokal ileri evrelerde kemoradyasyon tercih edilir. En yüksek mortalite oranına sahip over kanserinde standart yaklaşım; median insizyonla tam cerrahi evreleme ve sitoredüksiyondur; genç hastalarda fertilite koruyucu seçenekler değerlendirilebilir. Oldukça nadir görülen vajinal kanserlerde birincil tedavi radyoterapi olup cerrahi yalnızca seçilmiş erken evre olgularda uygulanır. Vulva kanserinde ise evreleme klinik ve cerrahi yaklaşımın bir karışımıdır; tedavi genellikle radikal lokal eksizyon ve inguinofemoral lenf nodu diseksiyonundan oluşur.

Staging is essential in gynecological cancers to determine the extent of the disease and treatment, and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) systems are commonly used in clinical practice. Endometrial cancer, the most common gynecological cancer in developed countries, is surgically staged; standard treatment involves total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy in high-risk patients. Among uterine sarcomas, which are rare and have a poor prognosis, the standard approach for leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and adenosarcoma is usually hysterectomy and oophorectomy, whereas carcinosarcoma routinely requires a more comprehensive surgery and lymphadenectomy. Cervical cancer, frequently encountered among gynecological malignancies, is treated in early stages with surgical methods such as modified or radical hysterectomy combined with pelvic lymph node dissection, while chemoradiation is preferred for locally advanced stages. In ovarian cancer, which has the highest mortality rate, the standard approach is complete surgical staging and cytoreduction via a median incision, though fertility-sparing options may be considered for young patients. Primary treatment for highly rare vaginal cancers is radiotherapy, with surgery performed only in selected early-stage cases. Lastly, the staging system for vulvar cancer is a combination of clinical and surgical approaches, and treatment typically consists of radical local excision and inguinofemoral lymph node dissection.

Referanslar

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13 Ocak 2023

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