Diyabetik Ayak: Ayak Anatomisi ve Kompartmanlar

Yazarlar

Bülent Özkurt
Ali Utkan

Özet

Ayak; ambulasyon ve duruş sırasında kuvvet iletimi sağlayan, amortisör görevi gören, 28 kemik ve 31 eklemden oluşan karmaşık bir anatomik yapıdır. Ayak anatomisi ve kompartmanlarının iyi bilinmesi, diyabetik ayak ülserlerinin tedavisi ve cerrahi planlama için kritiktir; çünkü enfeksiyonlar tendon kılıfları boyunca yayılır. Fonksiyonel olarak ön, orta ve arka ayak olarak üç bölümde incelenen ayakta tarsal, metatarsal ve falanks kemikleri bulunur. Ayak bileği eklemi sadece dorsal ve plantar fleksiyona izin verirken, tarsal eklemler inversiyon-eversiyon ve supinasyon-pronasyon hareketlerini sağlar. Ayak kasları ekstrensek ve intrensek olarak ikiye ayrılır; intrensek kaslar fasyalarla ayrılan kompartmanlarda yer alır. En güncel çalışmalara göre ayakta dokuz plantar ve bir dorsal olmak üzere on kompartman kabul edilmektedir. Bu kompartmanlar medial, lateral, süperfisyal santral, derin santral, calcaneal, interosseöz ve dorsal olarak sınıflandırılır. Diyabetik enfeksiyonlar plantar yüzeyden interosseöz kompartman yoluyla dorsal yüze yayılabilir ve yüksek basınç nekroza yol açabilir. Ayağın arterial beslenmesi a. tibialis posterior ve a. dorsalis pedis ile sağlanırken, innervasyonu n. tibialis, n. peroneus profundus/superficialis, n. suralis ve n. saphenus tarafından gerçekleştirilir.

The foot is a complex anatomical structure consisting of 28 bones and 31 joints that provides force transmission and acts as a shock absorber during ambulation and posture. A thorough understanding of foot anatomy and its compartments is essential for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and surgical planning, as infections spread along tendon sheaths. Functionally examined in three sections as forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot, the foot contains tarsal, metatarsal, and phalanx bones. While the ankle joint permits only dorsal and plantar flexion, tarsal joints enable inversion-eversion and supination-pronation movements. Foot muscles are divided into extrinsic and intrinsic groups, with intrinsic muscles located within compartments separated by fasciae. According to current studies, ten compartments, including nine plantar and one dorsal, are recognized in the foot. These compartments are classified as medial, lateral, superficial central, deep central, calcaneal, interosseous, and dorsal. Diabetic infections can spread from the plantar surface through the interosseous compartment to the dorsal aspect, where elevated pressure may lead to necrosis. The arterial supply of the foot is provided by the posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries, while its innervation is supplied by the tibial, deep/superficial peroneal, sural, and saphenous nerves.

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Sayfalar

41-50

Yayınlanan

4 Kasım 2022

Lisans

Lisans