Akciğerin Benign Tümörleri
Özet
Akciğerin benign tümörleri tüm akciğer tümörlerinin yaklaşık %1’ini oluşturur ve genellikle başka nedenlerle çekilen göğüs radyografilerinde veya bilgisayarlı tomografi taramalarında tesadüfen soliter pulmoner nodül olarak saptanır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün patolojik özelliklere dayalı sınıflamasına göre bu tümörler epitelyal, mezenkimal ve adenomlar gibi gruplara ayrılır. Saptanan benign tümörlerin yaklaşık üçte ikisini oluşturan pulmoner hamartomlar, en sık görülen türdür; bunu inflamatuar miyofibroblastik tümör (İMT) ve sklerozan pnömositoma takip eder. Çoğu hasta asemptomatik olmakla birlikte, lezyonun boyutu ve yerleşimine bağlı olarak öksürük, hemoptizi veya nefes darlığı gibi belirtiler görülebilir. İMT, çocuklarda en sık görülen akciğer tümörüyken, orta derecede malignite potansiyeli taşır. Sklerozan pnömositoma ise kadınlarda beş kat daha fazla görülür. Tanıda bilgisayarlı tomografi altın standart kabul edilirken, kesin tanı sıklıkla cerrahi rezeksiyon sonrası histopatolojik incelemeyle konur. Tedavide temel yaklaşım, fonksiyonel akciğer dokusunu koruyarak kitlenin cerrahi olarak tamamen çıkarılmasıdır. Tam rezeksiyon uygulanan hastalarda prognoz genellikle mükemmeldir, ancak inkomplet rezeksiyonlarda nüks riski yüksektir.
Benign lung tumors constitute approximately 1% of all pulmonary neoplasms and are typically discovered incidentally as solitary pulmonary nodules on chest radiographs or computed tomography scans performed for other reasons. According to the World Health Organization classification based on pathological features, these tumors are categorized into epithelial, mesenchymal, and adenomatous groups. Pulmonary hamartomas are the most common type, accounting for about two-thirds of benign tumors, followed by inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) and sclerosing pneumocytoma. Although most patients remain asymptomatic, symptoms like cough, hemoptysis, or dyspnea can occur depending on the size and location of the lesion. IMT is the most frequent lung tumor in children and possesses intermediate malignant potential. Sclerosing pneumocytoma occurs five times more frequently in women. While computed tomography is the gold standard for imaging, definitive diagnosis is often achieved through histopathological examination after surgical resection. The primary treatment strategy is complete surgical resection of the mass while preserving functional lung tissue. The prognosis is generally excellent following complete resection, whereas incomplete resections carry a high risk of local recurrence.
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