Dünyadaki Savaşların Çocuk Sağlığı Üzerine Etkisi
Özet
Sağlığın temel belirleyicilerinden olan toplumsal barışın bozulması, çocukların fiziksel ve zihinsel sağlığı üzerinde derin, uzun vadeli olumsuz etkilere yol açmaktadır. Silahlı çatışmaların doğrudan etkileri arasında ateşli silahlar, patlamalar ve çöken binalar kaynaklı penetran kafa travmaları, künt yaralanmalar, yanıklar, kalıcı sakatlıklar ve kimyasal silah maruziyetine bağlı ölümler yer almaktadır. Dolaylı etkiler ise altyapının tahribi, göç, kalabalık ortamlar, temiz su ve sanitasyona sınırlı erişim nedeniyle artan sıtma, ishal, solunum yolu enfeksiyonları gibi önlenebilir hastalıklar ile aşı kampanyalarının sekteye uğramasıdır. Çatışma bölgelerinde hamilelik riskleri, düşük doğum ağırlığı, doğumsal kusurlar ve çocukluk çağı kanserleri artış göstermekte; yenidoğan ve beş yaş altı ölüm oranları çatışmasız ülkelere kıyasla yaklaşık iki katına çıkmaktadır. Ukrayna örneğinde olduğu gibi, rutin çocuk sağlığı bakımı, aşılama ve kronik hastalık yönetimi büyük ölçüde sekteye uğramaktadır. Küresel mülteci nüfusunun yüzde 40'ından fazlasını oluşturan göçmen çocuklar; yolculuk sırasında boğulma, hipotermi, enfeksiyonlar ve cinsel şiddet riskiyle karşılaşırken, vardıkları ülkelerde de dil bariyeri, marjinalleşme, yabancı düşmanlığı ve ebeveyn travmalarına bağlı olarak ciddi psikososyal ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) riski taşımaktadır. Sağlığın korunması için göçmen kabul sistemlerinin kurulması, sanitasyon, aşılama, psikososyal destek ve birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerine erişimin güvence altına alınması kritik öneme sahiptir.
The disruption of social peace, a fundamental determinant of health, leads to profound and long-term negative impacts on the physical and mental health of children. The direct effects of armed conflicts include penetrant head traumas, blunt injuries, burns, permanent disabilities, and deaths due to chemical weapon exposure caused by firearms, explosions, and collapsing buildings. Indirect effects manifest as preventable diseases such as malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory tract infections, which increase due to the destruction of infrastructure, displacement, overcrowded environments, and limited access to clean water and sanitation, alongside the disruption of vaccination campaigns. In conflict zones, pregnancy risks, low birth weight, birth defects, and childhood cancers increase, while neonatal and under-five mortality rates nearly double compared to non-conflict countries. As seen in the case of Ukraine, routine child healthcare, immunization, and the management of chronic diseases are heavily disrupted. Migrant children, who constitute more than 40 percent of the global refugee population, face risks of drowning, hypothermia, infections, and sexual violence during their journeys, and they carry a severe risk of psychosocial issues and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in their destination countries due to language barriers, marginalization, xenophobia, and parental trauma. To protect health, it is of critical importance to establish migrant reception systems and to guarantee access to sanitation, vaccination, psychosocial support, and primary healthcare services.
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