Temporomandibuler Ekleme Cerrahi Bakış
Özet
Bu çalışma, temporomandibuler eklem (TME) rahatsızlıklarının (TMD) cerrahi tedavisinde uygulanan yaklaşımları güncel literatür ışığında kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. TMD, genel popülasyonun yaklaşık %70'ini etkileyen, ağrı ve kısıtlı ağız açıklığı ile karakterize karmaşık bir patolojidir. Hastaların %5-10'unda cerrahi müdahale gerekirken, tedavi yöntemleri kapalı ve açık cerrahi prosedürler olarak iki ana gruba ayrılır. Kapalı prosedürler arasında minimal invaziv bir yöntem olan artrosentez (lizis ve lavaj) ile tanı ve tedavide yaygın kullanılan artroskopi yer alır. Açık cerrahi yaklaşımlar ise preauriküler, endaural veya submandibuler gibi farklı cerrahi ulaşım yolları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen diskopeksi, diskektomi, eminektomi ve eminoplastiyi kapsar. Ayrıca, eklem bütünlüğünün tamamen bozulduğu son evre TME hastalıklarında otojen greftler veya kişiye özgü alloplastik protezlerle total eklem rekonstrüksiyonu uygulanırken, TME ankilozunda gap artroplastisi ve distraksiyon osteogenezi tercih edilmektedir. Mandibuler kondil kırıklarında ise fraktürün durumuna göre kapalı (konservatif) redüksiyon veya açık redüksiyon internal fiksasyon (ARIF) yöntemleri form ve fonksiyonun restorasyonunu sağlamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, karmaşık anatomik yapısı nedeniyle TME hastalıklarının teşhis ve tedavisinde multidisipliner ve hastaya özgü yaklaşımlar başarı için vazgeçilmezdir.
This study comprehensively examines the surgical approaches applied in the treatment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (TMD) in light of current literature. TMD is a complex pathology characterized by pain and limited mouth opening, affecting approximately 70% of the general population. While surgical intervention is required in 5-10% of patients, treatment methods are classified into two main groups as closed and open surgical procedures. Closed procedures include arthrocentesis (lysis and lavage), which is a minimally invasive method, and arthroscopy, which is widely used in diagnosis and treatment. Open surgical approaches encompass discopexy, discectomy, eminectomy, and eminoplasty performed using different surgical approaches such as preauricular, endaural, or submandibular routes. Furthermore, in end-stage TMJ diseases where joint integrity is completely destroyed, total joint reconstruction is applied using autogenous grafts or patient-specific alloplastic prostheses, whereas gap arthroplasty and distraction osteogenesis are preferred in TMJ ankylosis. In mandibular condyle fractures, closed (conservative) reduction or open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) methods provide the restoration of form and function depending on the status of the fracture. In conclusion, due to its complex anatomical structure, multidisciplinary and patient-specific approaches are indispensable for success in the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ diseases.
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