Rehabilitasyonun Tanımı, Anlamı, Kapsamı ve Felsefesi
Özet
Rehabilitasyon, hastalık veya yaralanma sonrasında engelli kalan bireylerin fiziksel, zihinsel ve sosyal açıdan çevrelerine uyum sağlamalarını ve maksimum bağımsızlığa ulaşmalarını hedefleyen hayati bir sağlık stratejisidir. Ortalama yaşam süresinin artmasıyla birlikte kronik ve nörolojik hastalıklara bağlı engellilik oranları yükselmekte, bu durum hem bireysel hem de ulusal düzeyde ciddi maddi ve manevi yükler oluşturmaktadır. Modern temelleri 20. yüzyılda atılan bu disiplin; mesleki terapistler, fizyoterapistler ve psikologlar gibi uzmanlardan oluşan çok disiplinli bir ekip çalışması gerektirir. Akut tedaviden farklı olarak rehabilitasyon felsefesi; hastanın günlük yaşam becerilerini yeniden kazanması için yoğun egzersiz, motivasyon, erken müdahale ve bireysel sorumluluğa odaklanır. Son 30 yılda yaşanan teknolojik devrim sayesinde giyilebilir sensörler, akıllı cihazlar ve objektif ölçüm sistemleri sürece dahil edilmiş; tedavi hastane sınırlarını aşarak ev ortamına da taşınmıştır. Doğru örgütlenme ve teknoloji entegrasyonu, engelli bireylerin topluma kazandırılmasında ve sağlık sistemindeki yükün azaltılmasında anahtar rol oynamaktadır.
Rehabilitation is a vital health strategy aimed at enabling individuals who remain disabled after an illness or injury to adapt to their environment physically, mentally, and socially while achieving maximum independence. As life expectancy increases, disability rates associated with chronic and neurological diseases are rising, creating significant financial and moral burdens at both individual and national levels. With its modern foundations laid in the 20th century, this discipline requires a multidisciplinary teamwork consisting of experts such as occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and psychologists. Distinct from acute care, the philosophy of rehabilitation focuses on intensive exercise, motivation, early intervention, and individual responsibility to help patients regain their daily living skills. Thanks to the technological revolution over the last 30 years, wearable sensors, smart devices, and objective measurement systems have been integrated into the process, moving treatment beyond hospitals into home environments. Proper organization and technological integration play a key role in reintegrating disabled individuals into society and reducing the burden on the healthcare system.
Referanslar
Cano-de-la-Cuerda R. Proverbs and Aphorisms in Neurorehabilitation: A Literature Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17), 9240.
Wade DT. Defining rehabilitation: An exploration of why it is attempted, and why it will always fail. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2021; 35(12), 1650-1656.
TÜİK(2020). Hayat tabloları 2017-2019. 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hayat-Tablolari-2017-2019-33711 08.01.2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Scrutinio D., Giardini A., Chiovato L., et al. The new frontiers of rehabilitation medicine in people with chronic disabling illnesses. European journal of internal medicine. 2019;61, 1-8.
TÜİK (2020). Engelli Bireylerin İşteki Durumu, Çalışma Durumuna ve Cinsiyete Göre Dağılımı. 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Search/Search?text=engelli&dil=1 08.01.2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
TC ASHB(2021). Engelli ve yaşlı istatistik bülteni. 2021. https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/88684/eyhgm_istatistik_bulteni_temmuz2021.pdf 08.01.2022 tarihinde erişim sağlanmıştır.
Stucki G., Bickenbach J., Gutenbrunner C., et al. Rehabilitation: the health strategy of the 21st century. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2018;50(4), 309-316.
Tracey Jr W. D. Nociception. Current Biology. 2017; 27(4), R129-R133.
Lebedev M. A., Nicolelis M. A. Brain-machine interfaces: From basic science to neuroprostheses and neurorehabilitation. Physiological reviews. 2017;97(2), 767-837.
Anobile G., Arrighi R., Castaldi E., et al. A sensorimotor numerosity system. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2021; 25(1), 24-36.
World Health Organization (2011). World report on disability: chapter 4 rehabilitation. https://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/report.pdf 08.01.2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
Mauk K. L. (2011). Overview of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation nursing: A contemporary approach to practice. 1st edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 13.04.2011
Medica E. M., Paolucci S., Martinuzzi A., et al. Assessing and treating pain associated with stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury and spasticity. Evidence and recommendations from the Italian Consensus Conference on Pain in Neurorehabilitation. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2016; 52(6), 827-840.
Carmeli E. Physical therapy for neurological conditions in geriatric populations. Frontiers in public health. 2017; 5, 333.
Crosson B., Hampstead B. M., Krishnamurthy L. C., et al. Advances in neurocognitive rehabilitation research from 1992 to 2017: The ascension of neural plasticity. Neuropsychology. 2017; 31(8), 900.
Gloeckl R., Schneeberger T., Jarosch I., et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation and exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 2018; 115(8), 117.
McMahon S. R., Ades P. A., Thompson, P. D. The role of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart disease. Trends in cardiovascular medicine. 2017; 27(6), 420-425.
Stout N. L., Santa Mina D., Lyons K. D., et al. A systematic review of rehabilitation and exercise recommendations in oncology guidelines. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021; 71(2), 149-175.
Bradnam L. V., Meiring R. M., Boyce M., et al. Neurorehabilitation in dystonia: a holistic perspective. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2021; 128(4), 549-558.
Martinez-Martin E., Cazorla M. Rehabilitation technology: assistance from hospital to home. Computational intelligence and neuroscience. 2019; 1431509.
Reinkensmeyer D. J. JNER at 15 years: analysis of the state of neuroengineering and rehabilitation. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation. 2019; 16(1), 1-9.
Nascimento L. M. S. D., Bonfati L. V., Freitas M. L. B., et al. Sensors and systems for physical rehabilitation and health monitoring—a review. Sensors. 2020; 20(15), 4063.
Waddell G., Burton A. K. Concepts of rehabilitation for the management of common health problems. The Stationery Office. 2004; 1-100.
Luft A. R. Rehabilitation and plasticity. Clinical recovery from cns damage. 2013; 32, 88-94.
