Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Cardiac Diseases

Lancaster CL, Teeters JB, Gros DF, Back SE. Posttraumatic stress disorder: Overview of evidence-based assessment and treatment. J Clin Med. 2016;5(11).

American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. American Psychiatric Association; Washington, DC U 1980. No Title.

American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association; Arlington, VA U 2013. dsm v.

Regier DA, Kuhl EA, Kupfer DJ. The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(2):92–8.

Friedman MJ, Resick PA, Bryant RA, Strain J, Horowitz M, Spiegel D. Classification of trauma and stressor-related disorders in DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(9):737–49.

Pai A, Suris AM, North CS. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the dsm-5: Controversy, change, and conceptual considerations. Behav Sci (Basel). 2017;7(1).

Dean G. Kilpatrick, Heidi S. Resnick, Melissa E. Milanak, Mark W. Miller, Katherine M. Keyes and MJF. National Estimates of Exposure to Traumatic Events and PTSD Prevalence Using DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria. 2016;26:537–47.

Bryant RA, Friedman MJ, Spiegel D, Ursano R, Strain J. A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2011;28(9):802–17.

Rothbaum BO, Foa EB, Riggs DS, Murdock T, Walsh W. A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. J Trauma Stress. 1992;5(3):455–75.

Frommberger UH, Stieglitz RD, Nyberg E, Schlickewei W, Kuner E, Berger M. Prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder by immediate reactions to trauma: A prospective study in road traffic accident victims. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;248(6):316–21.

Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):748–66.

Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychol Trauma Theory, Res Pract Policy. 2008;S(1):3–36.

Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, Pynoos RS, Spiegel D, Lewis-Fernandez R, et al. A Systematic Review of PTSD Prevalence and Trajectories in DSM-5 Defined Trauma Exposed Populations: Intentional and Non-Intentional Traumatic Events. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):1–5.

Telch MJ, Rosenfield D, Lee HJ, Pai A. Emotional reactivity to a single inhalation of 35% carbon dioxide and its association with later symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety in soldiers deployed to Iraq. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(11):1161–8.

Telch MJ, Beevers CG, Rosenfield D, Lee HJ, Reijntjes A, Ferrell RE, et al. 5-HTTLPR genotype potentiates the effects of war zone stressors on the emergence of PTSD, depressive and anxiety symptoms in soldiers deployed to iraq. World Psychiatry. 2015;14(2):198–206.

Lee H, Ph D, Wells TT, Ellis A, Telch M, Ph D. Association of Predeployment Gaze Bias for Emotion Stimuli With Later Symptoms of PTSD and Depression in Soldiers Deployed in Iraq. 2011;(July):735–42.

Pietrzak RH, Feder A, Singh R, Schechter CB, Bromet EJ, Katz CL, et al. Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: An 8-year prospective cohort study. Psychol Med. 2014;44(1):205–19.

Ronald C. Kessler, PhD; Amanda Sonnega, PhD; Evelyn Bromet, PhD; Michael Hughes, PhD; Christopher B. Nelson, MPH P. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(D).

The Centers for Disease Control Vietnam Experience Study. Health status of Vietnam veterans: I. Psychosocial characteristics. Journal of the American Medical Association 1988;259:2701–7.

Brady KT, Killeen TK, Brewerton T, Lucerini S. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(SUPPL. 7):22–32.

Pace TWW, Heim CM. A short review on the psychoneuroimmunology of posttraumatic stress disorder: From risk factors to medical comorbidities. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2011;25(1):6–13. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.003

Heppner PS, Crawford EF, Haji UA, Afari N, Hauger RL, Dashevsky BA, et al. The association of posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome: A study of increased health risk in veterans. BMC Med. 2009;7:1–8.

Qureshi SU, Pyne JM, Magruder KM, Schulz PE, Kunik ME. The link between post-traumatic stress disorder and physical comorbidities: A systematic review. Psychiatr Q. 2009;80(2):87–97.

Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: Results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1032:141–53.

Dong M, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Williams JE, Chapman DP, et al. Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: Adverse childhood experiences study. Circulation. 2004;110(13):1761–6.

Pietrzak RH, Goldstein RB, Southwick SM, Grant BF. Medical comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in us adults: Results from wave 2 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Psychosom Med. 2011;73(8):697–707.

Ahmadi N, Hajsadeghi F, Mirshkarlo HB, Budoff M, Yehuda R, Ebrahimi R. Post-traumatic stress disorder, coronary atherosclerosis, and mortality. Am J Cardiol [Internet]. 2011;108(1):29–33. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.02.340

Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(4):248–56.

Boscarino JA. A prospective study of ptsd and early-age heart disease mortality among vietnam veterans: Implications for surveillance and prevention. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(6):668–76.

Calhoun, P. S., Elter, J. R., Jones, E. R., Jr, Kudler, H., & Straits-Tröster, K. (2008). Hazardous alcohol use and receipt of risk-reduction counseling among U.S. veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 69(11), 1.

Nieh, C., Mancuso, J. D., Powell, T. M., Welsh, M. M., Gackstetter, G. D., & Hooper, T. I. (2021). Cigarette smoking patterns among U.S. military service members before and after separation from the military. PloS one, 16(10), e0257539. https://doi.org/10.

Barber J, Bayer L, Pietrzak RH, Sanders KA. Assessment of rates of overweight and obesity and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans. Mil Med. 2011;176(2):151–5.

Cohen BE, Marmar CR, Neylan TC, Schiller NB, Ali S, Whooley MA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and health-related quality of life in patients with coronary heart disease: Findings from the heart and soul study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(11):1214–20.

Zen AL, Whooley MA, Zhao S, Cohen BE. Post-traumatic stress disorder is associated with poor health behaviors: Findings from the heart and soul study. Heal Psychol. 2012;31(2):194–201.

Maher MJ, Rego SA, Asnis GM. Sleep disturbances in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: Epidemiology, impact and approaches to management. CNS Drugs. 2006;20(7):567–90.

Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson KW, Saab PG, Kubzansky L. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice: The emerging field of behavioral cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(5):637–51.

Yehuda R, Giller EL, Southwick SM, Lowy MT, Mason JW. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;30(10):1031–48.

Passos IC, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Costa LG, Kunz M, Brietzke E, Quevedo J, et al. Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(11):1002–12.

Spitzer C, Barnow S, Völzke H, Wallaschofski H, John U, Freyberger HJ, et al. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with low-grade elevation of C-reactive protein: Evidence from the general population. J Psychiatr Res [Internet]. 2010;44(1):15–21. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.06.002

Sumner JA, Chen Q, Roberts AL, Winning A, Rimm EB, Gilsanz P, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder onset and inflammatory and endothelial function biomarkers in women. Brain Behav Immun [Internet]. 2018;69:203–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.013

von Känel R, Hepp U, Traber R, Kraemer B, Mica L, Keel M, et al. Measures of endothelial dysfunction in plasma of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2008;158(3):363–73.

Roberge MA, Dupuis G, Marchand A. Post-traumatic stress disorder following myocardial infarction: Prevalence and risk factors. Can J Cardiol [Internet]. 2010;26(5):e170–5. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0828-282X(10)70386-X

Wikman A, Bhattacharyya M, Perkins-Porras L, Steptoe A. Persistence of posttraumatic stress symptoms 12 and 36 months after acute coronary syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(7):764–72.

Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Rooks C, Ibeanu I, Nye JA, Pimple P, et al. Sex differences in mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in young survivors of an acute myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2014;76(3):171–80.

Shemesh E, Yehuda R, Milo O, Dinur I, Rudnick A, Vered Z, et al. Posttraumatic stress, nonadherence, and adverse outcome in survivors of a myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(4):521–6.

Edmondson D, Rieckmann N, Shaffer JA, Schwartz JE, Burg MM, Davidson KW, et al. Posttraumatic stress due to an acute coronary syndrome increases risk of 42-month major adverse cardiac events and all-cause mortality. J Psychiatr Res [Internet]. 2011;45(12):1621–6. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.07.004

Edmondson D, Richardson S, Falzon L, Davidson KW, Mills MA, Neria Y. Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and risk of recurrence in acute coronary syndrome patients: A meta-analytic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(6).

Fudim M, Cerbin LP, Devaraj S, Ajam T, Rao S V., Kamalesh M. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Heart Failure in Men Within the Veteran Affairs Health System. Am J Cardiol [Internet]. 2018;122(2):275–8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.04.007