Current Biochemical Markers Involved in the Pathophysiology of Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Insulin Resistance
References
World Health Organization (WHO). Obesity and overweight fact sheet. 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
Donma MM, Ekmekci OB, Ekmekci H, Donma O. Evaluation of the markers affecting obesity in children. Med One. 2018;2:e180004.
Bettini S, Favaretto F, Compagnin C, Belligoli A, Sanna M, Fabris R, et al. Resting energy expenditure, insulin resistance and UCP1 expression in human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of patientswith obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:548.
Liang H, Ward WF. PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism. Adv Physiol Educ. 2006;30(4):145-51.
Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat - like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012;481(7382):463-8.
Patti ME, Butte AJ, Crunkhorn S, Cusi K, Berria R, Kashyap S, et al. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(14):8466-71.
Mc Namara JW, Singh RR, Sadayappan S. Cardiac myosin binding protein-C phosphorylation regulates the super-relaxed state of myosin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(24):11731-6.
Previs MJ, Mun JY, Michalek AJ, Previs SB, Gulick J, Robbins J, et al. Phosphorylation and calcium antagonistically tunemyosin-binding protein C' sstructure and function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(12):3239-44.
Tong CW, Dusio GF, Govindan S, Johnson DW, Kidwell DT, De La Rosa LM, et al. Usefulness of released cardiac myosin binding protein-C as a predictor of cardiovascular events. Am J Cardiol. 2017;120(9):1501-7.
Rosas PC, Liu Y, Abdalla MI, Thomas CM, Kidwell DT, Dusio GF, et al. Phosphorylation of cardiac myosin-binding protein-C is a critical mediator of diastolic function. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8(3):582-94.
Sypniewska G. Laboratory assessment of cardiometabolic risk in overweight and obese children. Clin Biochem. 2015;48(6):370-6.
Maghsoudi Z, Kelishadi R, Hosseinzadeh Attar MJ. Association of chemerin levels with anthropometric indexes and C-reactive protein in obese and non-obesea dolescents. ARYA Atheroscler. 2015;11(Suppl 1):102-8.
Goralski KB, Mc Carthy TC, Hanniman EA, Zabel BA, Butcher EC, Parlee SD, et al. Chemerin, a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(8):28175-88.
Landgraf K, Friebe D, Ullrich T, Kratzsch J, Dittrich K, Herberth G, et al. Chemerin as a mediator between obesity and vascular inflammation in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4).
Tzotzas T, Evangelou P, Kiortsis DN. Obesity, weightloss and conditional cardiovascular risk factors. Obes Rev. 2011;12:e282.
Zdanowicz K, Bobrus-Chociej A, Lebensztejn DM. Chemerin as potential biomarker in pediatric diseases: A PRISMA-compliantstudy. Biomedicines. 2022;10:591-604.
Helfer G, Wu QF. Chemerin: a multifaceted adipokine involved in metabolic disorders. J Endocrinol. 2018;238:R79-94.
Gonzalez-Quintela A, Alonso M, Campos J, Vizcaino L, Loidi L, Gude F. Determinants of serum concentrations of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in the adult population: the role of obesity. PloS One. 2013;8(1):e54600.
Kim KE, Cho YS, Baek KS, Li L, Baek KH, Kim JH, et al. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein plasma levels as a biomarker of obesity-related insulin resistance in adolescents. Korean J Pediatr. 2016;59(5):231-8.
Watanabe H, Katsura T, Takahara M, Miyashita K, Katakami N. Plasma lipopolysaccharide binding protein level statistically mediates between body mass index and chronic microinflammation in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetol Int. 2020;11(3):293-7.
Kopp F, Kupsch S, Schromm AB. Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein is bound and internalized by host cells and colocalizes with LPS in the cytoplasm: implications for a role of LBP in intracellular LPS-signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2016;1863(4):660-72.
Liu X, Lu L, Yao P, Ma Y, Wang F, Jin Q, et al. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein, obesity status and incidence of metabolics yndrome: A prospective study among middle-aged and older Chinese. Diabetologia. 2014;57(9):1834-41.
Konecki DS, Benedum UM, Gerdes HH, Huttner WB. The primary structure of human chromogranin A and pancreastatin. J BiolChem. 1987;262(35):17026-30.
Angeletti RH, Hickey WF. A neuroendocrine marker in tissues of the immune system. Science. 1985;230(4721):89-90.
Nolan JA, Trojanowski JQ, Hogue-Angeletti R. Neurons and neuroendocrine cells contain chromogranin: detection of the molecule in normal bovine tissues by immuno chemical and immuno histochemical methods. J Histochem Cytochem. 1985;33(8):791-8.
Taupenot L, Harper KL, O’Connor DT. The chromogranin–secretogranin family. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1134-49.
Settleman J, Nolan J, Angeletti RH. Chromogranin, an integral membrane protein. J BiolChem. 1985;260(3):1641-4.
Herold Z, Doleschall M, Kovesdi A, Patocs A, Somogyi A. Chromogranin A and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Endokrynol Pol. 2018;69(5):598-610.
Troger J, Theurl M, Kirchmair R, Pasqua T, Tota B, Angelone T, et al. Granin-derived peptides. Prog Neurobiol. 2017;154:37-61.
O’Connor DT, Deftos LJ. Secretion of chromogranin A by peptide-producing endocrine neoplasms. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1145-51.
Hofland J, Zandee WT, de Herder WW. Role of biomarker tests for diagnosis of neuro endocrine tumours. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:656-69.
Cryer PE, Wortsman J, Shah SD, Nowak RM, Deftos LJ. Plasma chromogranin A as a marker of sympatho chromaffin activity in humans. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:E243-6.
Lv HY, Zhou YC, Zhang XM. Emerging roles of NPQ/spexin in physiology and pathology. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:457.
Wang M, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Dong G, Li C. Diagnostic and prognostic value of neutro philgelatinase-associated lipocalin, matrix metallo proteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metallo proteinases-1 for sepsis in the ED: an observational study. Crit Care. 2014;18(2):634.
Lögdberg L, Wester L. Immunocalins: a Lipocalin subfamily that modulates immune and inflammatory responses. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1482(1-2):284-97.
Sharma M, Mc Clung JA, Abraham NG. Adiponectin: A mediator of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. In: Translational Research in Coronary Artery Disease. Academic Press; 2016. p. 33-42.
Daoud MS, Alshareef FH, Alnaami AM, Amer OE, Hussain SD, Al-Daghri NM. Prospective changes in lipocalin-2 and adipocytokines among adults with obesity. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):28794.
Jaberi SA, Cohen A, D'Souza C, Abdulrazzaq YM, Ojha S, Bastaki S, et al. Lipocalin-2: structure, function, distribution and role in metabolic disorders. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;142:112002.
Moschen AR, Adolph TE, Gerner RR, Wieser V, Tilg H. Lipocalin-2: a master mediator of intestinal and metabolic inflammation. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017;28(5):388-97.
Mosialou I, Shikhel S, Luo N, Petropoulou PI, Panitsas K, Bisikirska B, et al. Lipocalin-2 counteracts metabolic dysregulation in obesity and diabetes. J ExpMed. 2020;217(10):e20191261.
Harris RBS. Direct and indirect effects of leptin on adipocyte metabolism. Biochim BiophysActa. 2014;1842(3):414-23.
Obradovic M, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Soskic S, et al. Leptin and obesity: role and clinical implication. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:585887.
Picó C, Palou M, Pomar CA, Rodríguez AM, Palou A. Leptin as a key regulator of the adipose organ. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022;23(1):13-30.
Phillips CM, Kesse-Guyot E, Mc Manus R, Hercberg S, Lairon D, Planells R, et al. High dietary saturated fat intake accentuates obesity risk associated with the fat mass and obesity-associated gene in adults. J Nutr. 2012;142(5):824-31.
Triantafyllou GA, Paschou SA, Mantzoros CS. Leptin and hormones: energy homeostasis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2016;45(3):633-45.
Cummings DE, Shannon MH. Roles for ghrelin in the regulation of appetite and body weight. Arch Surg. 2003;138(4):389-96.
Moehlecke M, Canani LH, Silva LO, Trindade MR, Friedman R, Leitão CB. Determinants of body weight regulation in humans. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(2):152-62.
Haddawi KH, Al-Ziaydi AG, Al-Khalidi FA. The role of adipokines and ghrelin in interactions and clinical implications in childhood obesity. J Educ Health Promot. 2024;13:40.
Fang H, Judd RL. Adiponectin regulation and function. Compr Physiol. 2018;8(3):1031-63.
Daniel ED, He Z, Bateman A. Progranulin (acrogranin/PC cell-derived growth factor/granulin-epithelin precursor) is expressed in the placenta, epidermis, microvasculature, and brain during murine development. Dev Dyn. 2003;227(4):593-9.
He Z, Bateman A. Progranulin (granulin-epithelinprecursor, PC-cell-derived growth factor, acrogranin) mediates tissue repair and tumorigenesis. J Mol Med. 2003;81(10):600-12.
Ismail NA, et al. Relation between serum progranulin, inflammatorymarkers and visceralfat in childhoodobesity. AdvBiosciBiotechnol. 2013;4(12):1030.
Donma MM, Donma O. The valuable triad of adipokine indices to differentiate pediatric obesity from metabolic syndrome: chemerin, progranulin, vaspin. Int J Med Health Sci. 2018;12(5):240-4.
Su X, Peng D. The exchangeable apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism and obesity. Clin ChimActa. 2020;503:128-35.
Eckhardt D, Li-Blatter X, Schönfeld HJ, Heerklotz H, Seelig J. Cooperative unfolding of apolipoprotein A-1 induced by chemical denaturation. Biophys Chem. 2018;240:42-9.
Donma MM, Donma O. Apolipoproteins: biochemistry, methods and clinical significance. Biochem Educ. 1989;17(2):63-8.
Chan DC, Gan SK, Wong AT, Barrett PH, Watts GF. Association between skeletal muscle fat content and very-low-density lipoprotein - apolipoprotein B-100 transport in obesity: effect of weightloss. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014;16(10):994-1000.
Clyne B, Olshaker JS. The C-reactive protein. J Emerg Med. 1999;17(6):1019-25.
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(14):973-9.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1557-65.
Murdaningsih E, Juliaty A. Hs-CRP levels in adolescents with obesity and non-obesity. J Edu Health. 2023;14(04):216-23.
Vergani E, Bruno C, Cipolla C, Currò D, Mancini A. Plasma levels of neudesin and glucose metabolism in obese and overweight children. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:881524.
Tan J. The role of preptin in the response of bone tissues to a high-fat diet [Dissertation]. Research Space; 2022.
El-Eshmawy M, AbdelAal I. Relationships between preptin and osteocalcin in obese, overweight, and normal weight adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40(3):218-22.
Kim JH, et al. Zonulinlevel. A marker of intestinal permeability, is increased in association with liver enzymes in young adolescents. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;481:218-24.
Veres-Székely A, Szász C, Pap D, Szebeni B, Bokrossy P, Vannay Á. Zonulin as a potential therapeutic target in microbiota-gut-brain ax is disorders: encouraging results and emerging questions. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(8):7548.
Voegele AF, Jerkovic L, Wellenzohn B. Characterization of the vitamin E-binding properties of human plasma afamin. Biochemistry. 2002;41(48):14532-8.
Lee CG, Baraff A, Smith R, Baker E, Petyuk V, Cawthon PM, et al. Novel markers of obesity: a population-based proteomic approach. The Endocrine Society’s 95th Annual Meeting & Expo; San Francisco; 2013.
Kurdiova T, Balaz M, Kovanicova Z, Zemkova E, Kuzma M, Belan V, et al. Serum afamin a novel marker of increased hepatic lipid content. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:670425.
Jerkovic L, Voegele AF, Chwatal S, Kronenberg F, Radcliffe CM, Wormald MR, et al. Afamin is a novel human vitamin E-binding glycoprotein characterization and in vitro expression. J Proteome Res. 2005;4(3):889-99.
Zhen S, Ma Y, Han Y, Zhao Z, Yang X, Wen D. Serum galectin-3BP as a novel marker of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1):e001894.
Sugiura T, Dohi Y, Takase H, et al. Serum levels of Mac-2 binding protein increase with cardiovascular risk and reflect silent atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2016;251:192-6.
Gleissner CA, Erbel C, Linden F, et al. Galectin-3 binding protein, coronary artery disease and cardiovascular mortality: insights from the LURIC study. Atherosclerosis. 2017;260:121-9.
Romere C, Duerrschmid C, Bournat J, Constable P, Jain M, Xia F, et al. Asprosin, a fasting induced glucogenic protein hormone. Cell. 2016;165(3):566-79.
Kang SJ, Kim JH, Zhao GZ, Yook YS, Yoon JR, Ha GC, et al. Effects of 12-week circuit exercise program on obesity index, appetite regulating hormones, and insulin resistance in middle-aged obese females. J PhysTher Sci. 2018;30:169-73.
Wang M, Yin C, Wang L, Liu Y, Li H, Li M, et al. Serum asprosin concentrations are increased and associated with insulin resistance in children with obesity. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;75:205-12.
van Andel M, Heijboer AC, Drent ML. Adiponectin and its isoforms in pathophysiology. Adv Clin Chem. 2018;85:115-47.
Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. C1q tumornecrosisfactor-related protein 9 in atherosclerosis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. Atherosclerosis. 2018;276:109-16.
Liu L, Shi Z, Ji X, Zhang W, Luan J, Zahr T, et al. Adipokines, adiposity, and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2022;79(5):272.
Lu QB, Ding Y, Liu Y, Wang ZC, Wu YJ, Niu KM, et al. Metrnl ameliorates diabetic cardiomyopathy via inactivation of cGAS/STING signalingdependent on LKB1/AMPK/ULK1-mediated autophagy. J AdvRes. 2022;48:1-12.
Alizadeh H. Meteorin-like protein: a metabolic syndrome biomarker and an exercise mediator. Cytokine. 2022;157:155952.