Rejyonel Anestezide Antikoagulan İlaç Kullanımı.

Manchikanti L, Malla Y, Wargo BW, Cash KA, McManus CD, Damron KS, et al. A prospective evaluation of bleeding risk of interventional techniques in chronic pain. Pain Physician 2011;14(4):317–29.

Stafford-Smith M. Impaired haemostasis and regional anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1996; 43: 129-41.

Cook TM, Counsell D, Wildsmith JA; Royal College of AnaesthetistsThird National Audit Project. Major complicationsof central neuraxial block: report on the Third National AuditProject of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth2009;102(2):179–90.

Stoll A, Sanchez M. Epidural hematoma afterepidural block: implications for its use in painmanagement. Surg Neurol 2002;57:235-40.

Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Schroeder DR, et al. Preoperative antiplatelet therapy does not increase the risk of spinal hematoma associated with regional anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 1995;80: 303-309.

Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ. Neuraxial block andlow molecular weight heparin: Balancing perioperativeanalgesia and thromboprophylaxis.Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23:164-77.

Vandermeulen E. Regional anaesthesia and anticoagulation. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2010; 24: 121-31.

Souza RL, Andrate LOF, Silva JB, Silva LAC. Neuraxial hema¬toma after epidural anesthesia. Is it possible to prevent or detect it? Report of two cases. Rev Bras Anesthesiol 2011;61(2):218- 24.

Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Rowlingson JC et al. Regional anesthesiain the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain MedicineEvidence-Based Guidelines (Third Edition). Reg Anesth PainMed 2010; 35: 64-101.

Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J. Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 1165-1177.

Aristedis R, Dimitrios B. Spinal epidural hematoma mimickingsubarachnoid hemorrhage: A case study. Surg Neurol Int2017; 8: 182.

Erbay RH. Epidural/SpinalHematom Tanı ve Tedavisi. GüldoğuflF, Gürkan Y, editörler. Rejyonel Anestezi. İstanbul: Nobel TıpKitapevleri; 2013. S.473-484.

Li SL, Wang DX, Ma D. Epidural hematoma after neuraxialblockade: a retrospective report from China. Anesth Analg 2010;111: 1322-1324.

H. Breıvık, U. Bang, J. Jalonen , G. Vıgfu´ Sson, S. Alahuhta And M. Lagerkranser. Nordic guidelines for neuraxial blocks in disturbed haemostasis from the Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 16–41.

Hari Prabhakar, MD, Joshua A. Hirsch, MD, Richard Latchaw, MD, Sheri L. Albers, DO, Nebojsa Nick Knezevic, MD, PhD, Douglas P. Beall, MD, Amol Soin, MD, Sudhir Diwan. Responsible, Safe, and Effective Use of Antithrombotics and Anticoagulants in Patients Undergoing Interventional Techniques: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) Guidelines. Pain Physician. 2019 Jan;22(1S):S75-S128.

Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:381SY453S

Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ. Anticoagulation and neuraxial block: historical perspective, anesthetic implications, and risk management. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998;23(6 Suppl 2):129–34.

Anonymous. Belgian Guidelines concerning drug induced alterations of coagulation and central neuraxial anesthesia. Acta Anaesth Belg 2000; 51:101–104.

Gogarten W, Van Aken H, Wulf H, et al. Regional anaesthesia and thromboembolism prophylaxis/anticoagulation. Anaesth Intensivmed 1997; 38:623–628.

Hirsh J. Anticoagulants: The old and the new. In: Hematology 1996 (The Education Book of the American Society of Hematology), Orlanda, FL, 1996: 74-8.

Oduah EI, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Heparin: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016; 4: 38.

Weitz JI. Blood coagulation and anticoagulant, fibrinolytic,and antiplatelet drugs (Chap. 30). In: Brunton LL, ChabnerBA, Knollmann BC, editors. Goodman & Gilman’s ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2011. pp.849–77.

Chandarajoti K, Liu J, Pawlinski R. The design and synthesis of new synthetic low-molecular-weight heparins. J Thromb Haemost. 2016; 14: 1135-45.

Horlocker TT, Heit JA. Low molecular weight heparin: Biochemistry, pharmacology, perioperative prophylaxis regimens, and guidelines for regional anesthetic management. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:874-885.

Lagerkranser M, Lindquist C. Neuraxial blocks and spinal haematoma: Review of 166 cases published 1994 - 2015. Part 2: diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Scand J Pain 2017; 15:130-136.

Danhof M, de Boer A, Magnani HN, Stiekema JC. Pharmacokinetic considerations on Orgaran (Org 10172) therapy. Haemostasis 1992; 22:73–84

Yagita Y. History and current status of medical treatment for stroke]. Nihon Rinsho. 2016; 74: 560-66.

Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM. New antithrombotic drugs: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):120.51.

Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff MA. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th ed). Chest 2008; 133: 340-80.

Bauer KA. Fondaparinux: Basic properties and efficacy and safety in venous thrombo-embolism prophylaxis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead. NJ) 2002; 31:4-10.

Turpie AG, Gallus AS, Hoek JA; Pentasaccharide Investigators. A synthetic pentasaccharide for the prevention of deepvein thrombosis after total hip replacement. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:619-625.

Veyrat-Follet C, Vivier N, Trellu M, et al. The pharmacokinetics of idraparinux, a long-acting indirect factor Xa inhibitor: population pharmacokinetic analysis from Phase III clinical trials. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:559–565.

Harenberg J, Vukojevic Y, Mikus G, et al. Long elimination half-life of idraparinux may explain major bleeding and recurrent events of patients from the van Gogh trials. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:890–892.

Deedwania P, Huang GW. An evidence-based review of apixaban and its potential in the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. Core Evid. 2012; 7: 49-59.

Wong PC, Crain EJ, Xin B, et al. Apixaban, an oral, direct and highly selective factor Xa inhibitor: in vitro, antithrombotic and antihemostatic studies. J Thromb Haemost 2008;6:820-9

Frost C, Nepal S, Wang J, Schuster A, Byon W, Boyd RA, Yu Z, Shenker A, Barrett YC, Mosqueda-Garcia R, Lacreta F. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:776-786

Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 2093-104.

Ogata K, Mendell-Harary J, Tachibana M, et al. Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2010;50:743-53.

Stacy ZA, Call WB, Hartmann AP, Peters GL, Richter SK. Edoxaban: A comprehensive review of the pharmacology and clinical data for the management of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. Cardiol Ther 2016; 5:1-18.

Okata T, Toyoda K, Okamoto A, Miyata T, Nagatsuka K, Minematsu K. Anticoagulation intensity of rivaroxaban for stroke patients at a special low dosage in Japan. PLoS One. 2014; 26; 9(11): e113641.

Perzborn E, Strassburger J, Wilmen A, et al. In vitro and in vivo studies of the novel antithromboticagent BAY 59-7939—an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:514-21.

Plosker GL. Rivaroxaban: A review of its use in acute coronary syndromes. Drugs 2014; 74:451-464.

Zhang P, Huang W, Wang L, Bao L, Jia ZJ, Bauer SM, Goldman EA, Probst GD, Song Y, Su T, Fan J, Wu Y, Li W, Woolfrey J, Sinha U, Wong PW, Edwards ST, Arfsten AE, Clizbe LA, Kanter J, Pandey A, Park G, Hutchaleelaha A, Lambing JL, Hollenbach SJ, Scarborough RM, Zhu BY. Discovery of betrixaban (PRT054021), N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-(4-(N,Ndimethylcarbamimidoyl) benzamido)- 5 methoxybenzamide, a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor [Internet]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2179-2185

Shchendrygina AA. The use of dabigatran for prevention of ischemic stroke in patiets with atrial fibrillation: special features of treatment in different clinical situations. Kardiologiia. 2014; 54(9): 72-8.

Stangier J, Rathgen K, Stahle H, Gansser D, Roth W. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics andtolerability of dabigatran etexilate, a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in healthy male subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;64:292-303.

Rosencher N, Bonnet MP, Sessler DI. Selected new antithrombotic agents and neuraxial anaesthesia for major orthopaedic surgery: management strategies. Anaesthesia 2007; 62:1154-11660.

Ageno W, Gallus AS, Wittkowsky A, Crowther M, Hylek EM, Palareti G. Oral anticoagulant therapy: AntithromboticTherapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical PracticeGuidelines. Chest 2012;141(2 Suppl):e44S-e88S.

Fareed J, Hoppensteadt D, Iqbal O, Tobu M, Lewis BE. Practical issues in the development of argatroban: a perspective. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2002;32 Suppl 3:56_ 65.

Dhillon S. Argatroban: A review of its use in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2009; 9:261-282.

Yeh RW, Jang I-K. Argatroban: update. Am Heart J 2006; 151:1131– 1138.

Kaiser B, Markwardt F. Antithrombotic and haemorrhagic effects of synthetic andnaturally occurring thrombin inhibitors. Thromb Res 1986; 43:613–620.

Maraganore JM, Bourdon P, Jablonski J, Ramachandran KLFenton JW II. Design and characterization of hirulogs: a novelclass of bivalent peptide inhibitors of thrombin. Biochemistry1990;29:7095–101.

Anand SX, Kim MC, Kamran M, Sharma SK, Kini AS, Fareed J, Hoppensteadt DA, Carbon F, Cavusoglu E, Varon D, VilesGonzalez JF, Badimon JJ, Marmur JD. Comparison of platelet function and morphology in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention receiving bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin versus clopidogrel pretreatment and bivalirudin. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100:417-424.

FitzGerald G, Oates J, Hawiger J, et al. Endogenous biosynthesis of prostacyclin and thromboxane and platelet function during chronic administration of aspirin in man. J Clin Invest 1983; 71:676–688.

Gibbs NM, Weightman WM, Thackray NM, et al. The effects of recent aspirin ingestion on platelet function in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15:55–59.

Patrono C, Baigent C, Hirsh J, Roth G; Physicians American College of Chest Physicians. Antiplatelet drugs: American College of Chest Physicians evidencebased clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 2008; 133:199S-233S.

Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery: Executive Summary. Circulation 2007; 116:1971–1996

Jneid H, . 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update of the gu¬ideline for the management of patients with unstable an¬gina/non-STelevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2007 guideline and replacing the 2011 focused update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Founda¬tion/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2012; 126: 875-910.

Weber AA, Schro¨r K. Pharmacology of ticlopidine and clopidogrel in comparison with acetylsalicylic acid. Internist (Berl) 1997; 38:1115– 1120.

Brandt JT, Close SL, Iturria SJ, Payne CD, Farid NA, Ernest CS 2nd, Lachno DR, Salazar D, Winters KJ. Common polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel but not prasugrel. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2429-2436.

Baker WL, White CM. Role of prasugrel, a novel P2Y12 receptor antagonist, in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2009; 9:213-229.

Sayıner ZA, Seyyar M, Subari S, Gündoğan E, Yılmaz M. Genel Cerrahi ve Lokal Hemostaz. Turkiye Klinikleri J Hematol-Special Topics 2015; 8: 22-26.

Deshmukh A, Hilleman DE, Del Core M, Nair CK. Antithrombotic regimens in patients with indication for long-term anticoagulation undergoing coronary interventions-systematic analysis, review of literature, and implications on management. Am J Ther. 2013; 20: 654-63.

Denninger MH, Necciari J, Serre-Lacroix E, Sissmann J. Clopidogrel antiplatelet activity is independent of age and presence of atherosclerosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1999; 25 (Suppl 2):41–45

Moshfegh K, Redondo M, Julmy F, Wuillemin WA, Gebauer MU, Haeberli A, Meyer BJ. Antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel compared with aspirin after myocardial infarction: Enhanced inhibitory effects of combination therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:699-705.

Guercio JR, Nimjee SM, James ML, McDonagh DL. Anesthesia for interventional neuroradi- ology. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2015;53(1):87–106. https://doi.org/10.1053/sa.2000.17788.

Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2001–2015.

Husted S, Emanuelsson H, Heptinstall S, Sandset PM, Wickens M, Peters G. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1038-1047.

Johnston S. A New Generation of Antiplatelet and An¬ticoagulant Medication and the Implications for the Den¬tal Surgeon. Dental Update 2015; 42: 840-854.

Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Butler K, Tantry US, Gesheff T, Wei C, Teng R, Antonino MJ, Patil SB, Karunakaran A, Kereiakes DJ, Parris C, Purdy D, Wilson V, Ledley GS, Storey RF. Randomized doubleblind assessment of the ONSET and OFFSET of the antiplatelet effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: the ONSET/OFFSET study. Circulation 2009; 120:2577-2585.

Ghantous AE, Ferneini EM. Aspirin, Plavix and Other Antiplatelet Medications What the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon Needs to Know. Oral Maxillofacial Surg Clin N Am 2016; 28: 497-506.

Coller BS. Anti-GPIIb/IIIa drugs: current strategies and future directions. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86:427–443.

Wiebke Gogarten, Erik Vandermeulen, Hugo Van Aken, Sibylle Kozek, Juan V. Llau and Charles M. Samama. Regional anaesthesia and antithrombotic agents: recommendations of the European Society of Anaesthesiology. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010;27:999–1015

Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifi¬batide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in unstable angina: receptor suppression using integrilin therapy. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 436-443.

Kristensen SD, Würtz M, Grove EL, et al. Contemporary use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Thromb Haemost 2012;107:215-24.

Coller BS. Anti-GPIIb/IIIa drugs: Current strategies and future directions. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86:427-443

Hankey GJ. Cilostazol shows promise as an alternative to aspirin for patients with ischaemic stroke. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(6):469-70.

Konstantinides SV, Barco S, Lankeit M, Meyer G. Management of Pulmonary Embolism: An Update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67: 976-90.

Bayır A, Ak A. Acil olgularda trombolitik tedavi. Genel Tıp Derg 2003; 13: 81-8.

Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:Chapter 54.

Hoffman R, Benz EJ, Shattil SJ, Furie B, Silberstein LE, McGlave P, et al. Antithrombotic Drugs. In: Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2008: chap 137.

Liyang Y, Yang J, Liu S. Assessment of treatment regimens in 58 cases with acute pulmonary embolism. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2000; 23: 235-38

Butler J, Leonard BE. The platelet serotonergic system in depression and following sertraline treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1988; 3:343– 347.

Norred CL, Finlayson CA. Hemorrhage after the preoperative use of complementary and alternative medicines. AANA J 2000; 68:217–220.

Srivastava KC. Evidence for the mechanism by which garlic inhibits platelet aggregation. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1986; 22:313-321.

Biber A. Pharmacokinetics of ginkgo biloba extracts. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003; 36:S32-S37.

Horlocker TT, Wedel DJ, Benzon H, et al. Regional anesthesia in the anticoagulated patient: defining the risks (the second ASRA Consensus Conference on Neuraxial Anesthesia and Anticoagulation). Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28:172Y197.

Fugh-Berman A. Herb-drug interactions. Lancet 2000; 355:134–138.