İmmünokimyasal Yöntemler
Synopsis
Immunochemical methods are fast and effective analytical tools widely used in clinical laboratories for the analysis of hormones, serum proteins, antibodies formed against infectious agents or allergens, and drugs of abuse. Providing results in a short period of 20-30 minutes with small sample volumes (10-100 µL), these methods offer high sensitivity and specificity. Their fundamental working principle is based on the specific binding reaction between antigen and antibody. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions as well as van der Waals forces play a role in the antigen-antibody interaction, and the strength of the reactions is described by the concepts of affinity and avidity. Polyclonal or homogenous monoclonal antibody reagents are preferred in these methods. Immunochemical methods are classified according to label types into precipitation, particle, radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), and chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) methods. Furthermore, based on their operating principles, they are divided into competitive (simultaneous or sequential) and non-competitive (sandwich) methods, while according to the need to separate free and bound labels, they are categorized into heterogeneous and homogeneous methods. Today, these assays are commercially applied with confidence in many fields such as detecting anemia, endocrine, tumor, cardiovascular, and diabetes markers, as well as therapeutic drug monitoring.
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